Pulmonary A&P Flashcards
fibers of the diaphragm
vertical: on the outer edges, take care of easy breathing
horizontal: only necessary for heavy breathing, change the shape of the dome of the diaphragm
parasternals
stabilize the upper thorax so that the diaphragm can do its job
scalenes
attach to 1st and 2nd rib and help with pump handle motion of sternum
get stronger as they contract
muscles that help with respiration during exercise/disease
SCM upper traps pec major pec minor subclavius spinal extensors
pec major clavicular head
help with inspiration if humeral attachment is above clavicle (hands on head)
help with expiration when humeral attachment is below clavicle
active musclesof exhalation
transverse abdominus internal obliques external obliques rectus abdominus spinal flexors lats
R and L lobes
3 on R, 2 on L
elastic recoil
the lungs want to be deflated, as soon as the inspiratory muscles turn off the lungs pull
thoracic spring force
the thorax wants to pull out and pulls on the pleura which forces the lungs to expand during inspiration
respiratory muscle force
at rest: only active during inspiration, pull on the thorax
end of exhalation-no respiratory muscles are active
resting end expiratory pressure
equilibrium of elastic recoil, thoracic spring force, respiratory muscle force
pressure in the lungs when you expire tidal volume
tidal volume
normal breath volume
expiratory reserve volume
after tidal volume exhale, the rest of the air you are able to breathe out
total lung capacity
everything in your lunge– IRV, ERV, TV, RV
vital capacity
the amount of air you have control over
residual volume
the air that is always in your lungs to keep them inflated
inspiratory reserve volume
what you can breathe in after your tidal volume inspiration
FEV1
the amount of air you can blow out in one second
V/Q
ventilation/perfusion
normally, when the blood has travelled 1/3 of the way around the alveoli, it is fully oxygenated
dead space in alveoli
no perfusion from blood
shunt
alveoli are closed, blood is coming through but it is not taking in air
how does v/q change with positioning
q is what changes the most
in standing your v/q ratio is the best because the most blood is in zone 3 (gravity) and the place where the most oxygen is is where the lungs can expand the most (lower thorax)
PAO2
partial presure of oxygen in the atmosphere
PACO2
partial pressure of carbon dioxide in atmosphere
PaO2
partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood
normal 100 mm Hg
PACO2
partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood
normal 40mm Hg
pH
hydrogen ions normal 7.4
H2CO3
carbonic acid
hyper/hypoventilation
dependent on levels of PaCO2
biots breathing
baby breathing– uncoordinated because the muscles are not fully formed/motor patterns have nor been established
if in an adult– not normal, problem in pons or medulla
neural control of breathing
cortical control is available but not necessary for us because involuntary breathing is regulated by pons and medulla
cheyne-stokes breathing
different amplitudes of breathing followed by periods of apnea
cardiac structure/positioning
RV under sternum, apex of the heart at midclavicular line
base: atria (top of heart)
apex (LV, bottom of heart)
great vessel valves
aortic valve: between LV and aorta
pulmonary valve: between RV and pulmonary artery
AV valves
tricuspid: between RA and RV
mitral: between LA and LV
chordi tendoni stretch and open the valves from the ventricles
right ventricle pressure
max systole 30
diastole: 0-8
Right atrium pressure
0-8
Left atrium pressure
0-10
left ventricle pressure
100-140 systole
3-12 diastole
pulmonary artery pressure
systole = RV systole
diastole NOT equal to RV diastole (greater)
aorta pressure
systole equal to left ventricle systole
diastole NOT equal to LV diastole (greater)
AV node
can fire on its own if SA is not working, fires at 40-60bpm
SA node
sits in the back of the RA, responsible for depolarizing and setting off the rest of the pathway, fires at 70-80bpm
coronary arteries
R&L , left anterior descending (front of the heart, LV), Left circumflex (inferior part of the heart)
–fill during diastole
cardiac automaticity
heart will fire if taken out of the body as long as blood is being pumped
cardiac contractility
different because of the alignment of fibers
atria: umbrella
ventricle: fist
EKG values P, QRS, T
P: atria depolarization
QRS: ventricle depolarization
T: ventricle repolarization
