Pulmonary Flashcards
What is the primary function of the pulmonary system?
What are the conducting airways?
What are the upper conducting airway’s functions?
What are the lower airway’s functions?
What is the functional unit of the lungs?
What are Type I epethelial cells within the alveoli and their function?
What are type II epethelial cells within the alveoli and their function?
Describe surface tension and the chemical in the alveoli that decreases surface tension
Identify the three functions of surfactant
Describe the factors that determine how rapidly a gas will pass across the alveolar-capillary membrane
What is ventilation?
What is respiration?
What is perfussion?
What is increased lung compliance?
What is decreased lung compliance?
What diseases are associated with increased lung compliance?
What diseases are associated with decreased lung compliance?
What are irritant receptors?
Where are irritant receptors located?
What is the function of irritant receptors?
What are stretch receptors?
Where are stretch receptors located?
What function do stretch receptors have?
What are J-Receptors?
Where are J receptors located?
What function do J-receptors have?
What are the peripheral chemoreceptors and what do they monitor?
How do the central chemoreceptors affect the pulmonary system?
What are the peripheral chemoreceptors and what do they monitor?
How do th peripheral chemoreceptors affect the pulmonary system?
What is surface tension?
How does surface tension relate to alveolar instability?
What is LaPace’s law?
How does surfacae tension relate to LaPlace’s law?
What is functional Residual Capacity?
What is a V/Q mismatch?
Discuss factors related to hypoxia/hypoxemia
What is the most common cause of hypoxemia?
What is obstructive pulmonary disease?
Give examples.
What is restrictive pulmonary disease?
Give examples.
Identify the pathogenesis and manifestations of the phases of asthma (acute and late phase)
Identify the risk factors associated with chronic bronchitis
Identify the risk factors associated with Emphysema
What are the similarities, adn differences, between Bronchitis and emphysema?
Causes
Both chronic bronchitis and emphysema can be caused by irritants such as cigarette smoke or other air pollutants. They are characterized by air trapping and obstruction that lead to hypoxemia, hypoventilation, and abnormal ventilation/perfusion ratio. They can lead to congestive heart failure. Their symptoms include dyspnea, decreased exercise tolerance, frequent infections, and fatigue.
Chronic bronchitis:
Increased mucus production.
Mucosal edema
Impaired or lost ciliary function
Chronic cough lasting >3 months for 2 consecutive years.
The inspired irritants cause a chronic inflammatory response and mucosal edema. The inflammation and irritants increase the size and number of mucous and goblet cells in the epithelial cells of the airways, producing thicker, more viscous, and larger amounts of mucus. The thick mucus then impairs ciliary function. The combined process results in airway obstruction and air trapping.
Emphysema is caused by elastin breakdown that destroys lung tissue, occurring in the alveolar septa or respiratory bronchioles. This process destroys alveolar and respiratory bronchiole integrity and obliterates pulmonary capillaries. The loss of elastic recoil inherent in lung tissue, hyperinflation of the alveoli, and decreased diameter of the bronchioles lead to air trapping.
How does pneumonia affect the pulmonary function?
Explain why croup is primarily a disease of children.
Croup is a clinical syndrome manifested by an infection of the upper airways. Children are more apt to have croup because they have a more immature immune system. Their airways and glottis are small in diameter. The mucous membrane lining their upper airways is more loosely attached and vascular. Their cartilaginous rings collapse more easily. With edema and inflammation, they are easily compromised. The general surface area of children’s lungs is less, which limits their pulmonary compensation. Because their submucosa contains many lymphoid cells, children are more apt to develop edema and swelling if inflammation occurs.
