Pulmonary

Question 1

Hypoxemia

Answer 1

Low Blood Oxygen Level

Question 2

Hypercapnea

Answer 2

High Blood carbon dioxide level

Question 3

Dyspnea

Answer 3

Breathlessness, the inability to get enough air
Most common reason someone seeks medical treatment
Seen at rest with little to no levels of activity

Question 4

Causes of Dyspnea

Answer 4

Hypoxemia
Anxiety
Exercise/Exertion
Deconditioning
Chronic and acute illness

Question 5

Diffusion

Answer 5

Ability of gas to cross the alveolar capillary membrane

Question 6

Causes of Hypoxemia

Answer 6

Hypoventilation, Diffusion impairment, shunt, ventilation-perfusion inequality, altitude or reduction in PO2, other illnesses or injuries

Question 7

How does Diffusion Impairment affect Hypoxemia?

Answer 7

Impairment of gas exchange at alveolar capillary border
Blood and gas are reaching the taret areas but cannot diffuse

Question 8

How do Shunts affect Hypoxemia?

Answer 8

Pulmonary blood flow is altered and bypasses aerated areas of the lungs
Occurs with ARDS, PDA, and AV malformation

Question 9

How does Ventilation-Perfusion Inequality affect Hypoxemia?

Answer 9

Ventilation and perfusion are unequal throughout the lung in normal conditions

Question 10

How does Altitude affect Hypoxemia?

Answer 10

PaO2 is reduced with a decrease in PO2

Question 11

What are the categories of COPD

Answer 11

Asthma, Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, Brochiectasis, and Cystic Fibrosis,

Question 12

What is COPD

Answer 12

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Limitation of airflow that is not fully reversible

Question 13

Biggest Risk Factor for COPD

Answer 13

Smoking

Question 14

Asthma Triggers

Answer 14

Environmental exposure, Exercise, cigarette, and stress

Question 15

What does asthma do?

Answer 15

Causes inflammation that causes bronchostriction

Question 16

Asthma Symptoms

Answer 16

Wheeze and Dyspnea, Increased HR and RR, Respiratory distress, extended expiratory phase

Question 17

Asthma Intervention

Answer 17

Education and Medication like albuterol

Question 18

What is Emphysema

Answer 18

lung condition by abnormally expanded air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole – leads to impaired expiratory airflow

Question 19

Risk factors for Emphysema?

Answer 19

Smoking
Others: hereditary, environmental
typically effects older individuals

Question 20

Etiology of Emphysema

Answer 20

Inflammation that causes elastin and collagen destruction and so alveolar wall cell death

Question 21

Variations of Emphysema

Answer 21

Centriacinar - Bronchioles destroyed
Panacinar - Bronchioles and Alveoli destroyed
Paraseptal - Along periphery at septum leading to risk of pneumothrax

Question 22

Patient presentation for Emphysema

Answer 22

Enlargement of terminal bronchioles, dyspnea, decreased activity, accessory muscle use for breathing, flattened diaphragm, active expiration

Question 23

Thresholds for supplemental oxygen

Answer 23

PaO2 is equal or less than 55 mmHg or SaO2 is equal or less than 89% at rest, exercise, or sleep

Question 24

What is pulmonary rehabilitation

Answer 24

Education and exercise to teach people how to deal with condition and take care of it

Question 25

What is Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 25

Inflammation and swelling of airways mucosal lining which leads to narrowing and obstruction

Question 26

How is Chronic Bronchitis diagnoses

Answer 26

3 consecutive months of productive cough for two years

Question 27

Cause of Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 27

Smoking

Question 28

Patient Presentation for Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 28

Cyanosis of skin and lips, chronic sputum production, Dyspnea during exertion and at rest, Blue bloater, Peripheral edema

Question 29

Stage 1 of COPD severity by Spirometry

Answer 29

Mild FEV is greater than or equal to 80% perdicted

Question 30

Stage 2 of COPD severity by Spirometry

Answer 30

Moderate between 50-80% FEV

Question 31

Stage 3 of COPD severity by Spirometry

Answer 31

Between 30%-50% predicted FEV

Question 32

Stage 4 of COPD severity by Spirometry

Answer 32

FEV is less than 30% or less than %)% with chronic respiratory failure

Question 33

Increased risks for people with COPD

Answer 33

Osteoperosis and Myopathy

Question 34

Restrictive Lung Diseases

Answer 34

decrease in total air the lungs are able to hold

Question 35

Most common type of Restrictive Lung Disease

Answer 35

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis