Pulmonary Flashcards
Hypoxemia
Low Blood Oxygen Level
Hypercapnea
High Blood carbon dioxide level
Dyspnea
Breathlessness, the inability to get enough air
Most common reason someone seeks medical treatment
Seen at rest with little to no levels of activity
Causes of Dyspnea
Hypoxemia
Anxiety
Exercise/Exertion
Deconditioning
Chronic and acute illness
Diffusion
Ability of gas to cross the alveolar capillary membrane
Causes of Hypoxemia
Hypoventilation, Diffusion impairment, shunt, ventilation-perfusion inequality, altitude or reduction in PO2, other illnesses or injuries
How does Diffusion Impairment affect Hypoxemia?
Impairment of gas exchange at alveolar capillary border
Blood and gas are reaching the taret areas but cannot diffuse
How do Shunts affect Hypoxemia?
Pulmonary blood flow is altered and bypasses aerated areas of the lungs
Occurs with ARDS, PDA, and AV malformation
How does Ventilation-Perfusion Inequality affect Hypoxemia?
Ventilation and perfusion are unequal throughout the lung in normal conditions
How does Altitude affect Hypoxemia?
PaO2 is reduced with a decrease in PO2
What are the categories of COPD
Asthma, Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, Brochiectasis, and Cystic Fibrosis,
What is COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Limitation of airflow that is not fully reversible
Biggest Risk Factor for COPD
Smoking
Asthma Triggers
Environmental exposure, Exercise, cigarette, and stress
What does asthma do?
Causes inflammation that causes bronchostriction
Asthma Symptoms
Wheeze and Dyspnea, Increased HR and RR, Respiratory distress, extended expiratory phase
Asthma Intervention
Education and Medication like albuterol
What is Emphysema
lung condition by abnormally expanded air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole – leads to impaired expiratory airflow
Risk factors for Emphysema?
Smoking
Others: hereditary, environmental
typically effects older individuals
Etiology of Emphysema
Inflammation that causes elastin and collagen destruction and so alveolar wall cell death
Variations of Emphysema
Centriacinar - Bronchioles destroyed
Panacinar - Bronchioles and Alveoli destroyed
Paraseptal - Along periphery at septum leading to risk of pneumothrax
Patient presentation for Emphysema
Enlargement of terminal bronchioles, dyspnea, decreased activity, accessory muscle use for breathing, flattened diaphragm, active expiration
Thresholds for supplemental oxygen
PaO2 is equal or less than 55 mmHg or SaO2 is equal or less than 89% at rest, exercise, or sleep
What is pulmonary rehabilitation
Education and exercise to teach people how to deal with condition and take care of it
What is Chronic Bronchitis
Inflammation and swelling of airways mucosal lining which leads to narrowing and obstruction
How is Chronic Bronchitis diagnoses
3 consecutive months of productive cough for two years
Cause of Chronic Bronchitis
Smoking
Patient Presentation for Chronic Bronchitis
Cyanosis of skin and lips, chronic sputum production, Dyspnea during exertion and at rest, Blue bloater, Peripheral edema
Stage 1 of COPD severity by Spirometry
Mild
FEV is greater than or equal to 80% perdicted
Stage 2 of COPD severity by Spirometry
Moderate
between 50-80% FEV
Stage 3 of COPD severity by Spirometry
Between 30%-50% predicted FEV
Stage 4 of COPD severity by Spirometry
FEV is less than 30% or less than %)% with chronic respiratory failure
Increased risks for people with COPD
Osteoperosis and Myopathy
Restrictive Lung Diseases
decrease in total air the lungs are able to hold
Most common type of Restrictive Lung Disease
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
