Pulmonary

Question 1

tidal volume

Answer 1

amount of air that moves in/out of the lungs with each breath

around 500ml

if less than 4ml

Question 2

vital capacity

Answer 2

maximum amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from the point of mamximal inspiration

4600ml

volume you are about to hold

reduced in restrictive lung disorders

Question 3

forced expiratory volumes (FEVs)

Answer 3

volume of air expired in the first second of FVC / forced vital capacity

Question 4

trace the exchange of gases between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries

Answer 4

Alveoli share walls with each other

A branch of terminal bronchiole, an arteriole, the pulmonary capillaries , and a venule supply each lobule

gas exchange takes place in the terminal respiratory bronchioles and the alveolar ducts and sacs

blood enters the lobules through a pulmonary artery and exits through a pulmonary vein

requires matching ventilation and perfusion

Question 5

dead air space

Answer 5

air that must be moved with each breath but doesnt participate in gas exchange

is moving in/out lungs but not being utilized

alveolar dead space results from alveoli that are ventiated but not perfused

Question 6

anatomic dead space

Answer 6

is contained in the conducting airways

Question 7

alveolar dead space

Answer 7

contained in the respiratory portion of the lung

Question 8

shunt

Answer 8

blood that moves from the R - L side of the circulation without being oxygenated

Question 9

physiological shunt (V) = ventilation

Answer 9

there is a mismatching of ventilation and perfusion within the lungs

results from insufficient ventilation to provide the oxygen needed to oxygenate the blood flowing through the alveolar capillaries

caused by dstructive lung dx or heart failure

Question 10

anatomical shunt (Q) Q= perfusion

Answer 10

blood moves from the venous to the arterial side of circulation without moving through the lungs

occurs in cognital defects

Question 11

typical pneumonia

Answer 11

infectious agent is bacteria

Question 12

Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Answer 12

typical pneumonia

most common cause of bacterial pneumonia

thickness of the alveolar capillary membrane and the distance for diffusion are increased

Question 13

primary atypical pneumonia

Answer 13

caused by a variety of agents; most often viral infections of the interstitium or alveolar septum

the most common cause being Mycoplasma pneumoniae

lack of lung consolidation, production of moderate amts of sputum, moderate elevation of WBC , and lack of alveolar excudate

secondary bacterial infections are common

Question 14

tuberculosis

Answer 14

airborne infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

it damages all the tissue surround the area

Question 15

Primary tuberculosis

Answer 15

disease in a previously unexposed individual/ unsensitized people

Question 16

Latent tuberculosis

Answer 16

most people with primary TB go on to develop latent infection

small number of organisms may remain viable surrounded by T lymphocytes and macrophages that limit their spread

disease is not active and cannot be transmitted to others (goes dormant)

Question 17

Secondary tuberculosis

Answer 17

reinfection or activation of dormant dx

Question 18

TB testing

Answer 18

a positive reaction the the skin test dont not mean that a person has active TB. it only means that there has been exposure to the bacillus and that cell mediated immunity to the organisms has developed

The Quantiferon TB Gold test is used to detect active and latent TB by measuring interferon y

Question 19

factors that impair the lungs defense mechanism

Answer 19

aspiration due to loss of cough relex

impaired mucocililary blanket

imparied immunity