Fluid Electrolyte Flashcards
Intracellular Compartment ICF
Contains 2/3 of body water in healthy adults
Larger of the 2 compartments
Major Cation K+
Extracellular Compartment ECF
Contains 1/3 of body water
Contains all fluid outside the cells
Major cation : Na+
Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure
pushes water out of the capillary into the interstitial space
interstitial hydrostatic pressure
pushes water into the capillary
Capillary colloidal osmotic pressure
pulls water back into the capillary
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
made in hypothalamus
affects kidneys to hold H2O
Aldosterone
affects kidneys and what is being excreted in urine
Retains sodium and H20 and excretes potassium
Renin Angiotensin System
a critical regulator of blood volume and systemic vascular resistance.
composed of three major compounds: renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone
It can retains sodium and water
or
excrete potassium
Parathyroid Hormone
Monitors calcium levels and responds appropriately
- promotes release of calcium in bone
- helps further to activate vitamin d
- stimulates calcium and magnesium conservation by the kidneys while increasing phosphate exrection
Vitamin D
converted by kidneys into functional
essential to absorb calcium from GI tract
Calcitonin
inhibits calcium levels by preventing bone breakdown
tells the body not to give up calcium
Threshold Potential
critical level to which a membrane must be depolarlized to initiate an action potential
capillary permability
edema
Hypovolemia
exists when a net loss of sodium and water (eg, via skin, gut, or kidney) leads to ECF volume depletion.
IE : to little volume on board
Causes of Hypovolemia
inadequate fluid intake, excessive, GI Renal losses, excessive skin losses, third space losses
hypervolemia
to much fluid in your body
excessive sodium or fluid intake in relation to output
Causes of Hypervolemia
renal issues , heart failure, liver failure
Acid - Base is mainly concerned with 2 ions
hydrogen (H+)
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Acids release
Acids release H+ when dissolved in water
Bases bind
Bases bind free H+ in water
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Increased vascular volume
Increased venous obstruction
Increased vascular volume =
Increased vascular volume = how much pressure are in your vascular system heart dx kidney dx pregnancy venous obstruction
Increased venous obstruction =
Increased venous obstruction = talking about exit, back up of traffic, they are fluid overloaded
liver dx
acute pulmonary edema
venous thrombosis (clot)
Decreased capillary Osmotic (oncotic) Pressure edema
Decreased capillary Osmotic (oncotic) Pressure
increased loss of plasma proteins
typically have liver disease
types of edema
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure edema
Decreased capillary Osmotic (oncotic) Pressure edema
Increased capillary permeability
Obstructed lymphatic Drainage
Hyponatremia
low na
causes a delay in the depolarization of membranes via Na-K pump
causes : maybe due to diuretics ,vomiting ,D
manifestations : lethargy, headache wt gain, edema
hypernatremia
na high causes water deprivation or water loss sodium increases oversecretion of aldosterone patients become twitchy manifestations : thirst, fever, dry mucous membranes, pulmonary edema
hypokalemia
low K
causes : inadequate intake, excessive losses from GI and Renal, and ECF - ICF shift
prolongs the rate of repolarization ; have S-T depression
patient becomes sluggish
lowers resting membrane potential
manifestations : weakness, cardiac dysrhythmias, glucose intolerance
hyperkalemia
high K
causes : decreased renal excretion , cellular injury, excessive rapid admin , shifts of K from ICF to ECF
T- waves peak
patients become twitchy
raises resting membrane potential
manifestations : neuromuscular excitability increases (cardiac arrest)
Calcium
important for bone health, muscle contraction, cardiac and skeletal muscle
you must have calcium to clot / activates clotting factors
affects threshold potential
Hypercalcemia
nerves are less about to fire
the start line for threshold is farther ; these people end up being more sluggish
causes : cancer , hyperthyroidism
manifestations : muscle weakness / flacciditiy, behavior changes, slows down smooth muscle , kidney stones
Hypocalcemia
nerves fire more easily
the start line for threshold potential is closer; these people tend to be twitchy
causes : unable to mobilize Ca from bone, decreased intake or absorption, increased chelation
manifestations : skeletal muscle issue (hyperactive), cardiovascular issues (sluggish), weakened bones, fail to respond to drugs
Magnesium
cofactor in multiple metabolic reactions
affects cardiac and smooth muscle function
hypomagnesemia
causes : alcoholism, insufficent intake, excessive losses,
effects : twitchy
hypermagnesemia
causes : renal failure or Mg containing medications
effects : skeletal muscle depression, muscle weakness, respiratory depression, bradycardia
compensatory mechanisms for pH balance
Chemical buffer systems immediate
Respiratory Response (second line of defense)
Renal Control
Chemical buffer systems
** immediate** Bicarbonate buffer system proteins transcellular H+/K+ exchange systems bones serve as an additional source
Respiratory Response (second line of defense)
lungs regulate levels of CO2
Renal Control
final control has 3 major roles erection of H+ Production of HCO3- Retention of HCO3
long term adjustment
reabsorb acids and bases or excrete them in urine
produce bicarb
respiratory acidosis
the body believes your not getting enough CO2
Manifestations : tachycardia and hypertension transitioning to bradycardia and hypotension, dyspnea, tachypnea, pale or cyanotic skin, anxiety, irritability, dysrhythmias
causes : anything that can depress or limit RR ( because your holding onto CO2), sepsis, burns
compensation occurs through elimination of acid or through reabsorption of base through kidneys
respiratory alkalosis
causes : hypoxemia stimulated by hyperventilation, salicylate toxicity ( aspirin overdose), increased RR,
Manifestations
increased protein binding of extracellular calcium ,tachypnea, tachycardia possible dysrhythmias
compensations
kidneys eliminate alkaline or base and pH returns to normal
metabolic acidosis
causes: excess production of hydrogen ion(DKA sepsis, burns) , inadequate elimination of hydrogen ion, inadequate production of HCO3 (renal failure, liver failure,dehydration) , or loss of bicarbonate (renal failure, pancreatitis , D)
Compensation mechanisms :
increase RR, decrease binding of calcium to proteins, depresses neuronal excitability,
blood becomes more acidic , respiratory centers stimulated
metabolic alkalosis
causes : to much HCO3, oral ingestion of bases, acid loss
manifestations : asymptomatic , tachycardia, hypoventilation, dysrhythmias, seizures
compensation : short term : RR decreases, kidneys eliminate bicarb
