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Pulmonology > Pulm physiology 1 > Flashcards

Pulm physiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between ventilation and respiration?

A

Ventilation: movement of air going in and out.

Respiration: cellular metabolism, byproduct/removal of metabolism is CO2

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2
Q

What are the 4 processes that supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2?

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation (air in and out)
  2. External respiration (gas exchange at lungs)
  3. Transport in systemic circulation
  4. Internal respiration (gas exchange in the tissues)
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3
Q

What are the three zones of the respiratory system and what happens at each?

A

Conducting zone: “dead space,” just a highway to get gas in and out. Does NOT participate in gas exchange.
*nose, sinuses, and pharynx

Respiratory Zone: site of gas exchange

Respiratory Muscles: promote ventilation.

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4
Q

Name all of your tonsils and where they are located.

A

Nasopharynx: adenoids

Oropharynx: palantine, lingual

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5
Q

What level of the spine does the trachea bifurcate?

If a person were to aspirate into their lungs which lung is most likely going to collect this fluid?

A
  • bifurcates at T7

- the right main stem bronchus is more vertical, the left main stem bronchus has a sharp angle.

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6
Q

explain the branching system of the lung.

A

trachea

  • right and left main stem bronchi(1ry)
  • lobar bronchi(right-3 left-2)(2ndry)(supply each lobe)
  • segmental bronchi(3ry)
  • bronchioles
  • terminal bronchioles
  • alveoli
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7
Q

what is the purpose of the smooth muscle around the bronchioles? Elastic fibers on the alveoli?

A
  • Bronchioles: smooth muscle constricts and dilates.

- Elastic fibers maintain compliance, help facilitate air moving in and out.

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8
Q

What structural changes occur as you move downt he bronchial tree?

A
  • cartilage rings diminish
  • epithelium changes; cilia and goblet cells are sparse (cleaning crew is mfs and lysosomal proteins)
  • smooth muscle decreases
  • alveoli composed of single layer of cells, very thin.
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9
Q

What types of cells do you find in alveoli?

A
  • Type 1: squamous epithelial cells
  • Type 2: surfactant secreting & antimicrobial protein (lysozymes)secreting
  • Mfs
  • RBC of capillary
  • alveolar pores
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10
Q

Alveoli functions

A

alveolar pores connect adjacent alveoli

allow air pressure through the lung to be equalized

house mf to keep sterile

gas exchange

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11
Q

Root aka?

A

hilum! :)

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12
Q

Explain why a wedge resection of the lungs works?

A
  • each segment of the lung has its own blood supply, if you were to do a “wedge resection” you could take one segment of a lobe while maintaining adequate blood supply thereby not damaging any of the adjacent alveoli.
    ex. like cutting broccoli
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13
Q

Pulmonary circulation

  • describe the pressure and volume
  • what kind of blood do the pulmonary arteries and veins carry?
A

-low pressure, high volume

  • pulmonary arteries: systemic venous blood to the lungs
  • pulmonary veins: oxygenated blood to the heart.
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14
Q

Systemic circulation

-describe pressure and volume

A

-high pressure, low volume

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15
Q

What is the pleura?

A
  • thin, double layered serosa
  • parietal(thoracic wall) and visceral(lung) pleura
  • provides lubrication and surface tension
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16
Q

Describe the innervation of the lungs?

A
  • Parasypathetic= constriction of bronchioles
  • sympathetic=dilation of bronchioles
  • they work in concert.
17
Q

Pulmonary ventilation consists of two phases, what are those?

A
  • inspiration: gases flow into the lungs

- expiration: gases exit the lungs

18
Q

respiratory pressures are described relative to _____.

A

-atmospheric pressure

negative resp pressure is less than Patm

positive resp pressure is greater than Patm

Zero resp pressure is = Patm.

19
Q

What is intrapulmonary pressure?

A
  • it is the pressure inside the alveoli that always equalizes with Patm.
20
Q

What is intrapleural pressure?

What are the forces of intrapleural pressure and how do they work?

A

-the pressure in the pleural cavity, always negative pressure in relation to atmospheric pressure.

  • Two inward forces promote lung collapse
    1. ) elastic recoil
    2. ) surface tension
  • one outward force enlarges the lungs
    1. ) elasticity of the chest wall pulls the thorax outward.
21
Q

Which pressure keeps the lungs open?

A
  • transpulmonary pressure.

- the greater the transpulmonary pressure, the larger the lungs.

22
Q

What happens if Intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure are equal?

A

-you have zero transpulmonary pressure, meaning your lungs will collapse.

23
Q

What happens if the integrity of the pleura is compromised?

A

-lung collapse, results in equalization of the intrapleural pressure with the intrapulmonary pressure resulting in zero transpulmonary pressure.

24
Q

Atelectasis

  • aka
  • cause
A

aka- lung collapse

cause:
-lack of air delivery d/t plugged bronchioles leading to collapse of alveoli… this it a ventilation problem such as an infection

-lack of integrity of the pleura from a wound that allows air entry into pleural cavity …this is a pleural problem such as a pneumothorax or pleural effusion

25
Q

Inspiration and expiration are mechanical processes that depend on changes to produce pulmonary ventilation. Explain these changes.

A

mechanically the body changes the volume which changes the pressure. As the pressure changes, gasses flow to equalize the pressure and produce ventilation

26
Q

What is boyles law?

A

pressure is inversely related to volume.

as volume increases pressure decreases.

27
Q

what are three physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation that inspiratory muscles must overcome?

A

-airway resistance: usually insignificant d/t large airway diameter, cross sectional surface area, and alveolar gas diffusion.

  • alveolar surface tension
  • lung compliance
28
Q

Which part of the bronchial tree has the greatest and least amount of resistance?

A
  • greatest: medium sized bronchi

- least: terminal bronchioles: there are MANY of them increasing the surface area.

29
Q

what are three forces at work that increase airway resistance?

A
  1. bronchospasm
  2. mucosal edema
  3. secretions
30
Q

name 4 conditions with increased airway resistance?

A
  • COPD (emphysema/chronic bronchitis)
  • asthma
  • cystic fibrosis
  • sleep apnea (upper airway resistance)
31
Q

what is the purpose of surfactant?

A

-reduces alveolar fluid surface tension, discourages alveolar collapse

32
Q

what is lung compliance?

A

-a measure of the change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in transpulmonary pressure.

  • higher compliance = easier to expand the lungs.
  • usually high d/t distensibility(stretchy), thoracic cage expansion, reduction of alveolar surface tension 2ndry to surfactant
33
Q

List conditions that lead to decreased lung compliance.

A
  • non-elastic scar tissue
  • reduced production of surfactant
  • decreased flexibility of thoracic cage
  • deformities of thorax
  • ossification of costal cartilage
  • paralysis of intercostal muscles

Pulmonology (15 decks)

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