Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physio Review > Pulm > Flashcards

Pulm Flashcards

1
Q

upper airway

A

nose
pharynx
glottis
vocal cords

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 subdivisions of lower airway and their generations+ volume

A

conducting- 16 gen, 150 mL

respiratory unit- 7 gen, 2.5 L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

types of airflow and where it occurs

A

upper airway- turbulent
treachea through conducting- laminar
respiratory units - diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does the volume in the conducting airways represent and what do you use to measure it?

A

anatomic dead space; Fowler method (single breath nitrogen washout)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how do you measure residual volume?

A

1) Helium dilution (how deeply you breath in dilutes He in monitor)
2) body plethysmography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

main muscle of inspiration + what its innervated by

A

diaphragm (phrenic, C3-C5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

4 lung volumes

A

tidal volume
expiratory reserve volume
inspiratory reserve volume
residual volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

4 lung capacities

A

TLC
FRC
IC
Vital capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why does air go into lung?

A

boyle’s law- P proportional to 1/v

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what determines the volume of air in the lung?

A

1) lung compliance- delta v/delta p

2) interaction between lung (pulling in) and chest wall (pulling out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is special about the inflation compliance curve?

A

exhibits hysteresis due to high surface tension of alveoli at small volumes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

trans-lung pressure

A

PL= Palveolar (0) - Ppleural (-5) = 5

pressure that keeps alveoli open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

wall pressure

A

Pw= Ppleural (-5) - Pbarometric (0)= -5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

respiratory pressure

A

Pr= alvolar pressure- barometric pressure= 0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

at what point on the relaxation pressure curve are the pressures balanced?

A

at FRC- chest pull out equals lung pull in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe the process of inspiration in terms of lung pressures

A
  • diaphragm contracts
  • pleural pressure (Ppl) becomes more negative (pulling air in)
  • trans-lung pressure (Pa-Ppl) become more positive
  • alveolar pressure becomes more negative, alveoli want to expand and pull air in
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

During quiet breathing, pleural pressure is always positive/negative

A

negative (-5 to -8)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Take away from the Hagen-Poiseuille equation explaining laminar flow & resistance

A
  • resistance directly proportional to airway length/gas viscosity
  • resistance inversely proportional to airway radius to the fourth power
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

four factors influencing airway resistance

A

decreased AWR with increased

1) lung volume
2) sympathetic stimulation

increased AWR with increased

1) vagal stimulation
2) mucus/edema/infection/smooth muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is flow limitation?

A
  • at equal pressure point (abnormally outside cartilage), the pressure outside the airway (pleural) is greater than the pressure inside, can cause airway compression
  • airflow becomes independent of total driving pressure (aka is FORCE INDEPENDENT)
  • look at Palveolar-Ppleural (Plung)
  • occurs with emphysema
  • increase pressure in airways using purse lipped breathing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does a dynamic lung function test measure? what do you want it to be?

A

FEV1/FVC

normal - >75%

22
Q

what dynamic lung function result is low in asthma? what do you test?

A

low FEV1/FVC ratio

test if albuterol (beta 2 agonist) helps

23
Q

how does pulmonary vascular resistance change with changes in pressure and why?

A

pulmonary vascular resistance decreases with increases in pressure b/c of

1) recruitment (more capillaries open up) and
2) distension (vessels are thin, can easily be expanded)

24
Q

when is pulmonary vascular resistance lowest with respect to lung volume? what is it a balance between?

A

at FRC

  • balance between alveolar and extra-alveolar vessels
  • extra-alveolar vessels behave like lung tissue, expand with inhalation
25
Q

intrapleural pressure is less negative at the bottom/top of the lung; alveoli at this point have a smaller/larger translung pressure (Pa-Ppl), how do they compensate?

A

bottom (more surface area, gravity)
- alveoli at base have smaller translung pressure, are smaller BUT have higher compliance, recieve more of the ventilation in lung

26
Q

what does breathing at a smaller volume benefit?

A

alveoli at the top of the lung- have a negative translung pressure, are not collapsed like the ones at the bottom, sit at better part of compliance curve

27
Q

where does most of the blood flow in the lungs go to?

A

the base- zone 3- alveolar dead space

Parterial>Pvenous>Palveolar

28
Q

in what zone do you see the waterfall effect? what does this mean?

A

zone 2 Parterial>Palveolar>Pvenous

flow determined by difference between alveolar and arterial pressure

29
Q

when does the ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) ratio equal 0?

A
  • shunt alveolus
  • aka you have blood flowing but no air
  • you have a HIGH PCO2 in alveolus
  • PO2 is very low in alveolus
30
Q

when does the ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) ratio approach infinity?

A
  • dead space alveolus
  • aka you have air but no blood
  • have HIGH PO2 in alveolus
  • PCO2 is almost 0
31
Q

what are the units for V/Q?

A

mL O2/mL blood

32
Q

differences in V/Q ratio based on where you are in the lung?

A

apex: V/Q > 1 - more air than blood

33
Q

The majority of oxygenated blood leaving the lung comes from the ____? what does this cause?

A

base

- have lower PO2 in arterial blood than in alveolar air

34
Q

take away from ficks principle of diffusion

A

diffusion directly proportional to area, inversely proportional to thickness

35
Q

what gas is diffusion limited, and what does that mean?

A
  • soluble gases like CO
  • quickly binds Hb, causes little change in partial pressure
  • will never saturate blood, just depends how quickly it can get out of alveolus
36
Q

what gas is perfusion limited, and what does that mean?

A
  • insoluble gases such as NO (and to some extent O2 and CO2)
  • equilibrate rapidly
  • gas transfer is limited by the amount of blood
37
Q

how do you measure the diffusion capacity of the lung?

A
  • single breath CO test*
  • patients breaths dilute CO gas from residual volume to TLC
  • holds breath for 10 seconds, exhale
  • 1st part of exhaled gas is discarded b/c its dead space
  • measure how much CO is diluted down in alveoli
38
Q

what is the alveolar gas equation?

A

PAO2= (Patm-Ph20)xFiO2 - (PACO2/R)

where at 37*C, Patm= 760, Ph2O= 47 , FiO2= 0.21, R=0.8

39
Q

what does the alveolar partial pressure of CO2 depend on?

A

1) directly proportional to metabolism (production)

2) inversely proportional to ventilation (elimination)

40
Q

describe the Bohr effect

A 
a decreased p50 or increased affinity for O2 to Hb is caused by: 
decreased: 
Temp
PCO2
2,3 DPG
H+
41
Q

O2 capacity

A

1 gm Hb binds 1.34 mL O2
normal blood= 15 g Hb/100mL
or
20.1 mL O2/100 mL blood

42
Q

T/F An anemic patient has a lower venous SaO2

A

true- need to extract more O2 because you have less circulating Hb

43
Q

4 causes for hypoxemia (PaO2

A
  1. hypoventilation- increase in pCO2, Aa difference is normal, PO2 would go up with O2,
  2. diffusion limitation
  3. shunt
  4. V-Q inequality
44
Q

only form of hypoxemia that doesn’t respond to 100% O2

A

SHUNT (PaO2= 55mmHg)

45
Q

how is CO2 transported in blood?

A

10% dissolved
20-30% carbamino
60-70% HCO3-

46
Q

what regions generate breathing pattern?

A

DRG (inhalation) &

VRG (expiration) of medulla

47
Q

what regions control breathing pattern?

A

apneustic (excites DRG)

pneumotaxic (inhibits DRG)

48
Q

what do medullary chemoreceptors do

A

decreased pH and increased CO2

49
Q

where are peripheral cehmoreceptors and what do they do?

A

carotid body and aortic arch respond to low O2

50
Q

three components of mucociliary clearance system?

A

mucus, periciliary fluid, cilia (beat upwards to mouth)

* no cilia in alveoli (removed via macrophages)

Physio Review (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions