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Physio Review > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

fuel preferences of liver, adipose, skeletal muscle, heart, brain

A 
liver- FAs, glucose, AAs
adipose tissue- FAs
skeletal muscle- FAs (rest), glucose (exercise) 
heart muscle- FAs
brain- glucose, ketone bodies
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2
Q

what is the range we keep blood glucose within?

A

60-110 mg/mL

low- neurological problems, high- vasculature, nerves, kidneys, organs, T2DM

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3
Q

pathways during fed state stimulated by insulin

A

glycogenesis, glycolysis (lactate,pyruvate-CAC)

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4
Q

pathways during fasting state stimulated by glycogen & epinephrine

A

glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis (non-carb source for glucose)

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5
Q

krebs cycle mnemonic

A

can i keep selling sex for money officer

citrate, isocitate, alpha-kg, succinyl coa, succinate, fumerate, malate, oxaloacetate

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6
Q

enzyme of pentose phosphate pathway, purpose

A

glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase

  • regenerates NADPH, DNA/RNA synthesis
  • deficiency causes hemolytic anemia through increase in oxidized glutathione (ROS)
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7
Q

4 key enzymes for reversing glycolysis

A

pyruvate carboxylase, PEP carboxykinase, fructose 1,6 bisphophatase, glucose 6 phosphatase

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8
Q

3 key enzymes of glycolysis

A

hexokinase/glucokinase (invest ATP)
PFK1 (invest ATP)
pyruvate kinase

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9
Q

hexokinase vs glucokinase

A

hexokinase- all cell types, higher affinity to glucose, low km

glucokinase- liver and pancreas, translocated (induced by insulin) between nucleus (inactive- f6p) and cytosol (active), high km, low affinity

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10
Q

the activity of PFK 1 is regulated by

A

the product of pfk-2= fructose 6 bisphosphatase

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11
Q

pyruvate kinase does what - stimulated/inhibited by

A

converts PEP to pyruvate

stimulated by insulin, inhibited by glucagon/epi/ATP

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12
Q

PDH does what

A

pyruvate to acetyl COA

requires B vitamins

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13
Q

how can NAD+ be regenerated ; what does a lack of NADH cause?

A

lactate dehydrogenase

  • converts pyruvate to lactate
  • increased NADH increases lactate formation
  • need NAD+ to go from glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate to 1,3 bisphosphogycerate
  • have exercise intolerance
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14
Q

what does ethanol (alcohol) do?

A

changes NADH/NAD ratio (increases it); converts pyruvate/oxaloacetate to lactate/malate; causes hypoglycemia

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15
Q

fates of pyruvate

A

alanine
oxaloacetate
lactate
acetyl CoA

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16
Q

PDH deficiency (what can cause similar symptoms)

A 
*genetic* 
no acetyl-CoA, 
high alanine/oxaloacetate/lactate 
- chronic lactic acidosis
- arsenic poisoning inhibits PDH
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17
Q

galactosemia- which form is worse?

A

have galatokinase deficiency and GALT (g1PUT) deficiency
GALT is worse because you have galacitol + galactose 1 phosphate build up

galacitol- cataract formation
galactose 1 phosphate- brain/liver/kidney/spleen/intestines/death

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18
Q

key enzymes of TCA cycle, what stimulates/inhibits it

A
  • isocitrate dehydrogenase &
    alpha kg dehydrogenase-
  • stimulated by: ADP, Ca2+
  • inhibited by: ATP, GTP, NADH
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19
Q

two cofactors for gluconeogenesis

A

bicarbonate, biotin

20
Q

cori cycle vs alanine-glucose cycle

A

cori-lactate-6 atp

alanine- 10 atp

21
Q

during an overnight fast, _____ serves as the major source of ATP for gluconeogenesis

A

oxidation of fatty acids

22
Q

pyruvate carboxylase genetic deficiency leads to

A

increased alanine, lactate (acidosis), pyruvate

developmental delays, seizures

23
Q

GSD type 1

A

von girkes, glucose 6 phosphatase deficiency in liver, poor tolerance to fasting glucose, growth retardation, fat in the liver, high uric acid and lactate

24
Q

all gsds

A

very poor, cash and murder her taurus

von girke, pompe, cori, anderson, mcardle, hers, tauri

pompe trashes the pump- cardiorespiratory failure 
cori-debranch- short outer
anderson-branching- long 
mcardle-muscle
hers-hepatic  (liver)
25
what precursors can you provide for someone with pyruvate carboxylase deficiency?
citrate and aspartate
26
things you can generate from acetyl CoA and relevant enzymes
1) mevalonate (precursor to cholesterol) - HMG CoA reductase 2) ketone bodies - HMG CoA synthase 3) malonyl CoA (precursor to TAGs) - acetyl CoA carboxylase
27
two enzymes important for the use of TAGs as gluconeogenic precursors? what does malonyl CoA inhibit?
- HSTL and CPT-1 | - MCoA inhibits beta oxidation enzyme- CPT1
28
enzymes for bile acid synthesis and cholesterol ester synthesis
bile- 7 alpha hydroxylase | cholesterol- ACAT (acetyl coa transferase)
29
what do statins block?
HMG-CoA reductase
30
5 types of lipoproteins
1) chylomicrons- largest, dietary TAGs (intestines) 2) VLDL- endogenous TAGs 3) IDL 4) LDL- higher level of cholesterol 5) HDL- good, lower level of cholesterol
31
functions of apolipoproteins | B48, 100, E, A1, CII
B48- chylomicron secretion B100- binds LDL receptor (VLDL and LDL) E - remnant receptor A1- activates LCAT & binds HDL receptor C-II activates LPL (lipoprotein lipase)
32
5 molecules that provide atoms in purine ring (a & g)
aspartate, glycine, glutamine, CO2, tetrahydrofolate derivative
33
3 molecules that provide atoms of pyrimidine ring (CUT)
aspartate, glutamine, CO2
34
purine biosynthesis
ribose5phosphate- PRPP- 5p- IMP- AMP/GMP (lots of feedback)
35
what does 6 mercaptopurine do?
blocks purine biosynthesis by getting converted to nucleotide
36
urea cycle mnemonic
Ordinarily, Careless Crappers Are Also Frivolous About Urination ornithine, carbamoyl phosphate, citrulline, aspartate, argino-succinate, fumerate, arginine, urea
37
what does 5 flurouracil do? methotrexate?
- gets converted to a nucleotide (f-DUMP) and inhibits thymidylate synthase, blocks pyrimidine biosynthesis - methotrexate inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, inhibits purine & pyrimidine biosynthesis
38
salvage pathway for purines (A & G) (90%) and enzyme required
hypoxanthine+ PRPP --> IMP + Pi using HGPRTase (lesch-nyhan)
39
degradation of purines (10%)
a& g --> xanthine --> uric acid (gout)
40
2 things heme is made from, what is the first precursor
succinyl coa + glycine --> ALA (porphryias)
41
biliary obstruction, hemolysis, hepatitis/cirrhosis, preemie birth result in increased blood ____ bilirubin
biliary obstruction- conjugated hemolysis- unconjugated hepatitis/cirrhosis- both preemie- unconjugated
42
which transporter is insulin independent- GLUT2 or 4?
GLUT2- liver/intestines/kidney, bidirectional
43
how many ATPs generated in total by glycolysis? what is the net ATP yield?
total= 4, net=2
44
glycogen synthase a and b, which one is active, which is phosphorylated
a- dephosphorylated- active | b- phosphorylated
45
composition of bile
bile acids- 65% phospholipids- 20% proteins- 5% bilirubin- 0.3%
46
what makes an amino acid ketogenic?
makes acetyl CoA, acetoacetyl CoA, acetoacetate (leucine & lysine are the main ones)

Physio Review (6 decks)

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