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Physio Review > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

fuel preferences of liver, adipose, skeletal muscle, heart, brain

A 
liver- FAs, glucose, AAs
adipose tissue- FAs
skeletal muscle- FAs (rest), glucose (exercise) 
heart muscle- FAs
brain- glucose, ketone bodies
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2
Q

what is the range we keep blood glucose within?

A

60-110 mg/mL

low- neurological problems, high- vasculature, nerves, kidneys, organs, T2DM

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3
Q

pathways during fed state stimulated by insulin

A

glycogenesis, glycolysis (lactate,pyruvate-CAC)

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4
Q

pathways during fasting state stimulated by glycogen & epinephrine

A

glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis (non-carb source for glucose)

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5
Q

krebs cycle mnemonic

A

can i keep selling sex for money officer

citrate, isocitate, alpha-kg, succinyl coa, succinate, fumerate, malate, oxaloacetate

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6
Q

enzyme of pentose phosphate pathway, purpose

A

glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase

  • regenerates NADPH, DNA/RNA synthesis
  • deficiency causes hemolytic anemia through increase in oxidized glutathione (ROS)
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7
Q

4 key enzymes for reversing glycolysis

A

pyruvate carboxylase, PEP carboxykinase, fructose 1,6 bisphophatase, glucose 6 phosphatase

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8
Q

3 key enzymes of glycolysis

A

hexokinase/glucokinase (invest ATP)
PFK1 (invest ATP)
pyruvate kinase

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9
Q

hexokinase vs glucokinase

A

hexokinase- all cell types, higher affinity to glucose, low km

glucokinase- liver and pancreas, translocated (induced by insulin) between nucleus (inactive- f6p) and cytosol (active), high km, low affinity

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10
Q

the activity of PFK 1 is regulated by

A

the product of pfk-2= fructose 6 bisphosphatase

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11
Q

pyruvate kinase does what - stimulated/inhibited by

A

converts PEP to pyruvate

stimulated by insulin, inhibited by glucagon/epi/ATP

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12
Q

PDH does what

A

pyruvate to acetyl COA

requires B vitamins

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13
Q

how can NAD+ be regenerated ; what does a lack of NADH cause?

A

lactate dehydrogenase

  • converts pyruvate to lactate
  • increased NADH increases lactate formation
  • need NAD+ to go from glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate to 1,3 bisphosphogycerate
  • have exercise intolerance
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14
Q

what does ethanol (alcohol) do?

A

changes NADH/NAD ratio (increases it); converts pyruvate/oxaloacetate to lactate/malate; causes hypoglycemia

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15
Q

fates of pyruvate

A

alanine
oxaloacetate
lactate
acetyl CoA

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16
Q

PDH deficiency (what can cause similar symptoms)

A 
*genetic* 
no acetyl-CoA, 
high alanine/oxaloacetate/lactate 
- chronic lactic acidosis
- arsenic poisoning inhibits PDH
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17
Q

galactosemia- which form is worse?

A

have galatokinase deficiency and GALT (g1PUT) deficiency
GALT is worse because you have galacitol + galactose 1 phosphate build up

galacitol- cataract formation
galactose 1 phosphate- brain/liver/kidney/spleen/intestines/death

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18
Q

key enzymes of TCA cycle, what stimulates/inhibits it

A
  • isocitrate dehydrogenase &
    alpha kg dehydrogenase-
  • stimulated by: ADP, Ca2+
  • inhibited by: ATP, GTP, NADH
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19
Q

two cofactors for gluconeogenesis

A

bicarbonate, biotin

20
Q

cori cycle vs alanine-glucose cycle

A

cori-lactate-6 atp

alanine- 10 atp

21
Q

during an overnight fast, _____ serves as the major source of ATP for gluconeogenesis

A

oxidation of fatty acids

22
Q

pyruvate carboxylase genetic deficiency leads to

A

increased alanine, lactate (acidosis), pyruvate

developmental delays, seizures

23
Q

GSD type 1

A

von girkes, glucose 6 phosphatase deficiency in liver, poor tolerance to fasting glucose, growth retardation, fat in the liver, high uric acid and lactate

24
Q

all gsds

A

very poor, cash and murder her taurus

von girke, pompe, cori, anderson, mcardle, hers, tauri

pompe trashes the pump- cardiorespiratory failure 
cori-debranch- short outer
anderson-branching- long 
mcardle-muscle
hers-hepatic  (liver)
25
Q

what precursors can you provide for someone with pyruvate carboxylase deficiency?

A

citrate and aspartate

26
Q

things you can generate from acetyl CoA and relevant enzymes

A

1) mevalonate (precursor to cholesterol) - HMG CoA reductase
2) ketone bodies - HMG CoA synthase
3) malonyl CoA (precursor to TAGs) - acetyl CoA carboxylase

27
Q

two enzymes important for the use of TAGs as gluconeogenic precursors? what does malonyl CoA inhibit?

A
  • HSTL and CPT-1

- MCoA inhibits beta oxidation enzyme- CPT1

28
Q

enzymes for bile acid synthesis and cholesterol ester synthesis

A

bile- 7 alpha hydroxylase

cholesterol- ACAT (acetyl coa transferase)

29
Q

what do statins block?

A

HMG-CoA reductase

30
Q

5 types of lipoproteins

A

1) chylomicrons- largest, dietary TAGs (intestines)
2) VLDL- endogenous TAGs
3) IDL
4) LDL- higher level of cholesterol
5) HDL- good, lower level of cholesterol

31
Q

functions of apolipoproteins

B48, 100, E, A1, CII

A

B48- chylomicron secretion
B100- binds LDL receptor (VLDL and LDL)
E - remnant receptor

A1- activates LCAT & binds HDL receptor
C-II activates LPL (lipoprotein lipase)

32
Q

5 molecules that provide atoms in purine ring (a & g)

A

aspartate, glycine, glutamine, CO2, tetrahydrofolate derivative

33
Q

3 molecules that provide atoms of pyrimidine ring (CUT)

A

aspartate, glutamine, CO2

34
Q

purine biosynthesis

A

ribose5phosphate- PRPP- 5p- IMP- AMP/GMP (lots of feedback)

35
Q

what does 6 mercaptopurine do?

A

blocks purine biosynthesis by getting converted to nucleotide

36
Q

urea cycle mnemonic

A

Ordinarily, Careless Crappers Are Also Frivolous About Urination

ornithine, carbamoyl phosphate, citrulline, aspartate, argino-succinate, fumerate, arginine, urea

37
Q

what does 5 flurouracil do? methotrexate?

A
  • gets converted to a nucleotide (f-DUMP) and inhibits thymidylate synthase, blocks pyrimidine biosynthesis
  • methotrexate inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, inhibits purine & pyrimidine biosynthesis
38
Q

salvage pathway for purines (A & G) (90%) and enzyme required

A

hypoxanthine+ PRPP –> IMP + Pi using HGPRTase (lesch-nyhan)

39
Q

degradation of purines (10%)

A

a& g –> xanthine –> uric acid (gout)

40
Q

2 things heme is made from, what is the first precursor

A

succinyl coa + glycine –> ALA (porphryias)

41
Q

biliary obstruction, hemolysis, hepatitis/cirrhosis, preemie birth result in increased blood ____ bilirubin

A

biliary obstruction- conjugated
hemolysis- unconjugated
hepatitis/cirrhosis- both
preemie- unconjugated

42
Q

which transporter is insulin independent- GLUT2 or 4?

A

GLUT2- liver/intestines/kidney, bidirectional

43
Q

how many ATPs generated in total by glycolysis? what is the net ATP yield?

A

total= 4, net=2

44
Q

glycogen synthase a and b, which one is active, which is phosphorylated

A

a- dephosphorylated- active

b- phosphorylated

45
Q

composition of bile

A

bile acids- 65%
phospholipids- 20%
proteins- 5%
bilirubin- 0.3%

46
Q

what makes an amino acid ketogenic?

A

makes acetyl CoA, acetoacetyl CoA, acetoacetate (leucine & lysine are the main ones)

Physio Review (6 decks)

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