Pulm Flashcards
a type of high blood pressure that affects the arteries in the lungs and the right side of the heart
Pulmonary hypertension
Normal pulmonary artery pressure is ??? at rest.
8-20 mm Hg
Pulm HTN s/s
Shortness of breath (dyspnea), initially while exercising and eventually while at rest
Fatigue
Dizziness or fainting spells (syncope)
Chest pressure or pain
Swelling (edema) in the ankles, legs and eventually the abdomen (ascites)
Bluish color to the lips and skin (cyanosis)
Fast pulse or pounding heartbeat (palpitations)
Most common cause of Pulm HTN
left heart disease, such as left heart failure
Common causes of Pulm HTN
congenital heart disease
chronic liver disease (cirrhosis)
connective tissue disorders (scleroderma, lupus, others)
left-sided heart disease
COPD, pulmonary fibrosis, OSA
Direct obstruction via Pulm emboli
Potential complications of pulmonary hypertension include:
Right-sided heart enlargement and heart failure (cor pulmonale). In cor pulmonale, the heart’s right ventricle becomes enlarged and has to pump harder than usual to move blood through narrowed or blocked pulmonary arteries.
*** eventually the right ventricle fails.
*** increases the risk of blood clots in the small arteries in the lungs.
Arrhythmia. Pulmonary hypertension can cause irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias), which can lead to a pounding heartbeat (palpitations), dizziness or fainting. Certain arrhythmias can be life-threatening.\
Bleeding in the lungs. Pulmonary hypertension can lead to life-threatening bleeding into the lungs and coughing up blood (hemoptysis).
Pregnancy complications. Pulmonary hypertension can be life-threatening for developing baby.
Normal inhalation is called? %?
Tidal volume - 10%
Inspiratory Capacity (Max ispiration) is what two measures? Normal % of lungs?
TV + IRV
60%
Residual volume is what? normal %?
Volume left in lungs after fullest expiration
25%
Functional Residual capacity is what? What % normal?
FRC - Expiratory Reserve Volume (15%) + Residual Volume (25%) = 40%
What may cause a change in Functional Reserve Capacity?
Decreases in FRC occur when lying supine and with increasing abdominal size (preg, obesity)
Age (FRC increases slightly with age)
Emphysema, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
What pathologies cause a DECREASE in overall lung volumes?
Restrictive pathologies:
MD
ALS
Severe Kyphosis
Obesity
Pleural conditions such as effusions, pleural scarring, chronic empyema (collasped lung)
Restrictive vs Obstructive disease + examples
Restrictive = stiffness of lungs, stiffness of the chest wall, weak muscles, or damaged nerves - cause the restriction in lung expansion. Scoliosis, pulm fibrosis, Obesity, Ankylosing Spondylitis….
obstructive = shortness of breath due to difficulty exhaling all the air from the lungs. D/t damage to the lungs or narrowing of the airways inside the lungs. COPD, bronchioectatsis, Asthma, CF…
Pulm fibrosis vs cystic fibrosis
To break it down phonetically: pulmonary means lung and fibrosis means scar tissue, so basically the name pulmonary fibrosis translates to: scarring in the lungs. Creates problems breathing, but is Restrictive vs obstructive.
CF affects the way your body makes mucus, a substance that helps your organs and systems work. Mucus should be thin and slippery, but when you have CF, it becomes thick and glue-like. This blocks tubes and ducts throughout your body. Aka its obstructive
Bronchiectasis is ?
common causes
a chronic condition where the walls of the bronchi are thickened from inflammation and infection.
pneumonia, TB
