Public Speaking Final Exam Flashcards
Jargon
Specialized or peculiar language of a particular community or group
Vivid Language
Concerns words that are sensuous and evocative
Alliteration
the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words
Trope
figures of speech
Simile
like, as
Metaphor
“she is the moon”
Irony
“Titanic was unsinkable, but still sunk”
Types of language to avoid
Biased, sexist, and slang language
Tonework
the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words
Vocalics
is the study of the nonverbal character and expressiveness of the human voice
Different types of vocalics
Volume, pitch, articulation, pronunciation, rate, modulation
High context vs. low context
High context is more community oriented and place more values on bodily expression. Low context is words that we say are more important than how we say it
Demographic information
Study of the statistical characteristics of a given population
Examples of demographic info
age, sex, gender, secual orientation, race, or social class
Stereotypes
An overgeneralization about a person or group based on assumed characteristics refers to
Implicit bias
Using the word “husband” or “wife,” in my speech because it did not occur to me to use the word partner instead
“unconscious beliefs about stereotypes”
Behavior
how you act
Belief
an idea about reality
Attitude
is the study of the nonverbal character and expressiveness of the human voice
Racial microaggression
indirect, subtle, or unintentional discrimination against members of a marginalized group.
Microinsult
a comment or action that conveys insensitivity, rudeness, or disrespect toward a person’s identity or heritage
Microinvalidation
a comment or action that dismisses or minimizes the experiences of people from underrepresented groups
What is the function of visual aids?
assist with thinking, encourage retention, excite multiple senses, engage the body, and create interest
Different types of visual aids
props, pictures, data, videos
Tips for preparing visual aids
aim for clarity, bigger is better, keep text easy to read, use color widely,
Tips for slides
Watch your timing, visual cues, use blank slides for pacing, be prepared for technical difficulties
Appeal
is a request made to another person with the intent of influencing them.
Argument
is a reasoned claim, or series of claims, supported by evidence.
Deductive reasoning
Making inferences or coming to conclusions based on a general principle or law; reasoning from the general to the specific. The classic example is the syllogism “Penguins are flightless birds; Bob is a penguin; thus, Bob is a bird that cannot fly.”
Inductive reasoning
Making inferences or conclusions about a general principle or law based on particulars or specifics; reasoning from the specific to the general. Canada has socialized medicine; Denmark has socialized medicine. Both Canada and Denmark have very high taxes to help pay for their health-care systems. Therefore, if the United States socializes health care, taxes will have to be increased to help pay for it.”
Syllogism
is an argument that consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion drawn from those premises.
Enthymeme
is an argument that leaves a part unsaid or unstated.
Toulmin model
Toulmin’s model of argument consists of a claim, data or evidence, and the reasoning that warrants connecting them.
Claims you can make
Fact, Value, Policy:
something that is a fact, something that is good or bad, something that should be done
Fallacy
Toulmin’s model of argument consists of a claim, data or evidence, and the reasoning that warrants connecting them.
Ad Hominem
Attacks the person, “she’s wrong because she’s a bad person”
Ad Baculum
threatens force or violence if the audience does not want the will of the speaker
“Clean or you’re fired”
Ad Miscericordiam
Appeal to pity
“Donate money to feed kids”
Ad Populum
appeal to the popular or majoritys feelings
“4 out of 5 dentists recommend”
Bandwagon
everyone is doing it, you should too
Either-or-Fallacy
you only have 2 options or something bad is gonna happen
“If you don’t vote for me, you’ll lose all your money”
Non Sequitur Fallacy
Nonsense… “global warming is caused by many factors, including gas passed by livestock, therefore.. we should all be vegetarian.”
Red-herring
distracts the audience or has no relevance to issue
“If eating deep-fried ice cream is wrong, I don’t want to be right.”
Straw-person
Oversimplify an opponents argument, or claim something they didn’t argue: TV ads ar typically less than 30 seconds
Celebratory Speech
often uplifting and positive, aiming to inspire joy and appreciation among the audience.
What does celebratory speech do for the audience?
brings the audience together as a community, but what constitutes a community depends on the context
Advocacy
often uplifting and positive, aiming to inspire joy and appreciation among the audience.
Activism
activism concerns persuasive campaigns working outside a given system
Politics
as a domain or field of power
Social movement
activism concerns persuasive campaigns working outside a given system
Civic engagement
activism concerns persuasive campaigns working outside a given system
Civic disobedience
is a refusal to comply with the norms, demands, or laws of a group or government for the purpose of social change.
Types of civic disobedience
using forbidden speech, boycotts and tax refusal, hacking and data leaks, sit-ins
