Psychology Final Exam

Question 1

Classical conditioning

Answer 1

learn to associate two stimuli, and consequently, to anticipate events

Question 2

Operant conditioning

Answer 2

learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequences

Question 3

Cognitive learning

Answer 3

mental information through observing events, watching others, or language

Question 4

Fixed ratio

Answer 4

provides reinforcement after a set number of correct responses
ex: factory worker is paid for every 10 items they produce then receive paycheck

Question 5

Fixed interval

Answer 5

provides reinforcement after a set number of times

Question 6

Variable ratio

Answer 6

variable number of responses

Question 7

variable interval

Answer 7

variable amount of time has passed
Ex: fisherman catching fish

Question 8

Neural stimulus (NS)

Answer 8

the stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
ex: before paring with food, the sound of a bell does not cause dog to salivate

Question 9

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 9

stimulus that automatically and naturally triggers a response without prior learning. This stimulus elicits an unconditioned response
Ex: Food in the mouth. In Pavlov’s experiment with dogs, the food automatically causes the dog to salivate.

Question 10

Unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 10

A natural, automatic reaction or response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), which does not require prior learning or conditioning.
Ex: Salivation when food is placed in the mouth. The dog salivates automatically when food is presented

Question 11

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 11

A previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired repeatedly with the unconditioned stimulus (US), eventually begins to trigger a conditioned response (CR) on its own.
Ex: After several pairings of the bell (NS) with food (US), the sound of the bell (now a conditioned stimulus, CS) alone will cause the dog to salivate.

Question 12

Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 12

A learned response that occurs after the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented. It is similar to the unconditioned response (UR), but the response is now triggered by the CS rather than the US.
Ex: Salivation in response to the bell sound alone. After the bell (CS) has been paired with food (US) several times, the dog learns to salivate in response to the bell alone, even without food being presented.

Question 13

Acquisition

Answer 13

when an individual requires a new skill

Question 14

Extinction

Answer 14

gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a CR when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US

Question 15

Spontaneous

Answer 15

the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after some time wouthout exposure the CS

Question 16

Generalization

Answer 16

tendency of a learned behavior or response to occur in the presence of stimuli that are similar, but not identical to the original CS

Question 17

Discrimination

Answer 17

ability to distinguish between different stimuli and respond differently to them based on their relevance or similarity to the CS (opposite of generalization)

Question 18

Shaping

Answer 18

technique used in operant conditioning to gradually teach a new behavior by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior

Question 19

Reinforcement

Answer 19

a process in operant conditioning that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated by providing a consequence that follows the behavior

Question 20

Schema

Answer 20

mental framework or concept that organizes information

Question 21

Assimilation

Answer 21

incorporating new experiences into existing schemas

Question 22

Accommodation

Answer 22

changing or creating new schemas to adapt to new information that doesn’t fit existing schemas

Question 23

Object permanence

Answer 23

Understanding that the object still exists after it being taken away

Question 24

Conservation

Answer 24

refers to the understanding that certain properties of the object remain the same despite changes in their appearance of form

Question 25

Scaffolds

Answer 25

refers to a process in which a more knowledgeable or experienced person provides support to help someone

Question 26

Theory of mind

Answer 26

ability to understand that other people have thoughts, feelings, beliefs, desires, and perspectives that are different from one’s own

Question 27

Four parenting styles

Answer 27

Authoritarian: bad bad bad, very strict
Permissive: acting like a kid is your best friend, not requiring anything
Neglectful: not providing any resources to your kids
Authoritative: good one

Question 28

Stages of development

Answer 28

Adolescence: ages 12-18, puberty, rough decision making
Emerging adulthood: 18-25, identity exploration, instability
Early adulthood: 25-40, family settling
Middle adulthood: 40-65, midlife crisis, reflection
Late adulthood: 65+, midlife crisis, physical changes

Question 29

True of false: There is an association between birth order and personality

Answer 29

False

Question 30

Psychological Disorder

Answer 30

a pattern of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that causes significant distress of impairment in a person’s daily functioning

Question 31

DSM-5-TR

Answer 31

book published by the American Psychiatric Association that provides standarddized criteria for the diagnosis of mental disorders

Question 32

True of false: Most violent criminals do not suffer from a psychological disorder

Answer 32

True

Question 33

True or false: Most people with a psychological disorder are not violent

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Psychotherapy

Answer 34

Talking to someone!

Question 35

Behavioral therapy

Answer 35

Focuses on modifying maladaptive behaviors

Question 36

Cognitive therapy

Answer 36

changing thoughts

Question 37

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Answer 37

Focuses on changing negative thoughts patterns and behaviors

Question 38

Group therapy

Answer 38

Provides mutual support in a group setting