Public Policy Quiz Flashcards
Budget deficit
More money is being paid out than is being taken in through taxes in one year
Basis of budget creation
Must be approved by Congress, but the president proposes budget with the help of the office of management and budget
Budget surplus
More money is being taken in through taxes than is being put out
National debt
The amount of debt overtime
Budget crisis
Occurs when Congress doesn’t approve the proposed budget and a standoff occurs
Expenditure
Money being spent by the government
Revenue
Money coming into the government
Discretionary spending
Congress has the ability to adjust spending
Mandatory spending
Spending that is required with no adjustments
Entitlement programs
Programs that people are entitled to as long as they meet a certain requirement
Impoundment
Refusal of a president to spend money on congress
Progressive tax
Any tax where a burden falls more heavily on rich than poor
Regressive tax
Any tax where the burden falls more on the poor than rich
Individual income tax
Paid by the individuals or married couple
Social insurance tax
Social security and Medicare deductions on your paycheck
Excise tax
Taxes on the sale of goods (alcohol)
Social security
Created by social security act to provide income to retired and disabled
Medicaid
Medical insurance for max income requirements
Medicare
Medical insurance for the elderly and disabled
Social welfare programs
Aid to families with dependent children (AFDC) provides assistance to families with little to no income
Temporary assistance for needy families (TANF)
Replaced AFDC in 1996-block grant that limits recipients to five years of benefits and requires them to work, receive training, or public service
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Created by Congress in the 1970s to enforce environmental legislation
Clean air act of 1970 and 1990
Implemented to read deuce air pollutuon
Water pollution control act of 1972
Designed to clean up rivers and lakes
Endangered species act of 1973
Lists species that are protected and endangered
Superfund
Form from taxes on chemical products to require companies that polluted lands to pay to clean them up
Affirmative-action
Effort to improve the education/employment opportunities for minority groups
University of California versus bake
Rejected quotas for admissions based on race, but allowed race to be a factor
Gutter versus bollinger
Using race is a factor, upheld so long is narrowly tailored to meet goals for diversity-race cannot be the only factor
Fisher versus university of Texas
Policies of held so long as it is nearly tailored to meet a competing government interest
Affirmative-action trend
Compelling government interest to promote diversity but policies have been nearly Taylor to meet those interests. Raise cannot be the only factor
American with disabilities act (ADA)
Federal mandate that prohibits on the basis of disability
No Child left behind (NCLB 2002)
Bush signed into law requiring all states to administer a proficiency test to monitor student progress
Title IX
No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied to the benefits of, Or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance
Trade relations
Because of globalization, this is become a common tool to influence relationships between countries
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Free-trade between US Mexico and Canada
Foreign aid
Providing resources to other countries for development security humanitarian and military use
Intelligence
Gathering both public information/spying to protect
Covert action
Further foreign-policy by carrying out secret actions
Boycotts
Refusal to buy goods from some countries
Sanctions
Punishments two countries to put pressure on them to change their policies
Armed Forces
Last resort-war
Intergovernmental organizations (IGO)
Any organization formed by governments of different countries often to deal with trade or security
Nongovernmental organizations (NGO)
Organizations formed by individuals and associations to provide service or to pursue a public policy
The United Nations
Created after World War I when the league of Nations was dissolved
Goals of foreign-policy
National security, world peace, economic prosperity, and humanitarian goals
Tools of foreign-policy
Diplomacy and treaties
Public-policy
Decision or action of the government that addresses problems and issues facing society. Some policies are passed a new law’s, some are contained in laws/regulations
History of citizenship
Constitution did not defined citizenship, it was assumed that citizens in United States born are citizens
Dred Scott versus Stanford
Slaves are not citizens unless parents were
14th amendment
Slaves are citizens, all natural born are citizens, cannot discriminate without due process
Naturalization process
Immigration, permanent residency,Application, interview, test, ceremony
