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FBLA Region '23 > Public Policy and Advocacy > Flashcards

Public Policy and Advocacy Flashcards

1
Q

Special Interest Groups

A

organizations dedicated to particular political goals

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2
Q

Public Vs. Private Special Interest Groups

A

public interest groups promote the issues of general public concern. private interest groups can represent certain occupations

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3
Q

Procedural Rights for the Accused

A

rights for the accused prevent the government from imprisoning people without trial

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4
Q

Autocracy

A

government in which one person has unlimited authority over others

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5
Q

Totalitarianism

A

a political system in which all authority is in the hands of the state

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6
Q

Authoritarianism

A

a way of governing that values order and control over personal freedom

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7
Q

Transitional Government

A

a temporary government formed to manage a period of transition, often following state collapse

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8
Q

19th Amendment

A

granted women the right to vote

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9
Q

Powers and Functions of Legislatures

A

proposes bills, can impeach and confirm appointments, declare war

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10
Q

Legislative Committee/Congressional Committee

A

a legislative sub-organization in the United States Congress that handles a specific duty

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11
Q

Articles of Confederation

A

America’s first written constitution; served as the basis for America’s national government until 1789

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12
Q

Block Grants

A

federal grants-in-aid that allow states considerable discretion in how the funds are spent

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13
Q

Grant-in-aid

A

money coming from a central/state government for a specific projec

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14
Q

Bourgeois

A

A social class that derives social and economic power from employment, education, and wealth, as opposed to the inherited power of aristocratic family of titled land owners or feudal privileges.

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15
Q

Categorical Grants

A

congressional grants given to states and localities in the condition that expenditures be limited to a problem or group specified by the law

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16
Q

Civil Liberties Vs. Civil Rights

A

Civil liberties protect people from undue government interference or action. Civil rights, on the other hand, protect people from discrimination.

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17
Q

Commerce Clause

A

Congress has the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states and with the Indigenous Tribes

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18
Q

Commercial Speech

A

Communication in the form of advertising

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19
Q

Confederation

A

a system of government in which states retain sovereign authority except for the powers expressly delegate to the national government

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20
Q

Cooperative Federalism

A

a type of federalism existing since the New Deal era in which grants-in-aid have been used strategically to encourage states and localities (without commanding them) to pursue nationally defined goals; also known as “intergovernmental cooperation”

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21
Q

Cruel and Unusual Punishment

A

Court sentences prohibited by the Eighth Amendment.

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22
Q

Devolution

A

a policy to remove a program from one level of government by delegating it or passing it down to a lower level of government

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23
Q

Eminent Domain

A

the right of government to take private property for public use

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24
Q

Dual Federalism

A

a political arrangement in which power is divided between the federal and state governments in clearly defined terms

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25
Q

14th Amendment

A

Equal protection clause

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26
Q

Establishment Clause (1st Amendment)

A

“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion”; this law means that a “wall of separation” exists between church and state

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27
Q

Exclusionary Rule

A

the ability of courts to exclude evidence obtained in violation of the fourth amendment (prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures)

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28
Q

First Amendment

A

“free exercise clause”; provides that Congress make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting its free exercise. It protects freedom of speech, the press, assembly, and the right to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. The Second Amendment gives citizens the right to bear arms.

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29
Q

Expressed Powers

A

specific powers granted by the Constitution to Congress and to the president

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30
Q

Formula Grants

A

Federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulations; include quantifiable elements, such as population, amount of tax effort, proportion of population unemployed or below poverty level, density of housing, or rate of infant mortality

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31
Q

Full Faith and Credit Clause

A

states within the United States have to respect the “public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state.”

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32
Q

Home Rule

A

government of a colony, dependent country, or region by its own citizens

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33
Q

Charter

A

the grant of authority or rights

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34
Q

Lemon Test

A

The three-part test for Establishment Clause cases that a law must pass before it is declared constitutional: it must have a secular purpose; it must neither advance nor inhibit religion; and it must not cause excessive entanglement with religion.

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35
Q

Miranda Rule

A

The requirement that persons under arrest must be informed prior to people interrogation of their rights to remain silent and to have the benefit to legal counsel

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36
Q

Necessary and Proper Clause

A

Congress has to the authority to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out its expressed powers

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37
Q

Police Power

A

the capacity of the states to regulate behavior and enforce order within their territory for the betterment of the health, safety, morals, and general welfare of their inhabitants

38
Q

Political Efficacy

A

The ability to influence government and politics

39
Q

Prior Restraint

A

censorship; an effort by a governmental agency to block the publication of material it deems libelous or harmful in some other way

40
Q

Revenue Sharing

A

A law providing for the distribution of a fixed amount or share of federal tax revenues to the states for spending on almost any government purpose.

41
Q

Right to Counsel (6th Amendment)

A

Sixth Amendment of the Constitution that requires criminal defendants to have access to legal representation.

42
Q

Selective Incorporation

A

the Supreme Court incorporated certain parts of certain amendments, rather than incorporating an entire amendment at once.

43
Q

Social Contract Theory

A

The belief that people are free and equal by natural right, and that this in turn requires that all people give their consent to be governed; espoused by John Locke and influential in the writing of the declaration of independence.

44
Q

Supremacy Clause

A

makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits.

45
Q

Unitary System

A

a centralized government system in which lower levels of government have little power independent of national government

46
Q

Amicus Curiae

A

“friend to the court”; an individual or organization who is not a party to a legal case, but who is permitted to assist a court by offering information, expertise, or insight that has a bearing on the issues in the case

47
Q

Appropriations

A

the process, occurring after every decennial census, that allocates congressional seats among the 50 states

48
Q

Apportionment

A

the amount of money approved by Congress in statutes (bills) that each unit of agency of government can spend

49
Q

Authorization

A

A formal declaration by a legislative committee that a certain amount of funding may be available to an agency.

50
Q

Cabinet

A

the secretaries, or chief administrators, of the major departments of the federal government; Cabinet secretaries are appointed by the President with the consensus of the Senate

51
Q

Caucus

A

a normally closed political party business meeting of citizens, plan strategy, or make decisions regarding legislative matters

52
Q

Cloture

A

a rule or process in a legislative body aimed at ending debate on a given bill

53
Q

Commander-in-Chief

A

Title for the president who holds supreme command of the armed forces

54
Q

Concurrence

A

The agreement of a judge with the court’s majority decision

55
Q

Conference Committee

A

Committee appointed by the presiding officers of each chamber (House and Senate) to adjust differences on a particular bill passed by each in different form.

56
Q

Contracting Power

A

the power of government to set conditions on companies seeking to sell good or services to government agencies

57
Q

Earmarks

A

“Hidden” congressional provisions that direct the federal government to fund specific projects or that exempt specific persons or groups from paying specific federal taxes or fees

58
Q

Executive Agreements

A

agreement made between president and another country, that has the force of a treaty but does not require the Senate’s “advice and consent”

59
Q

Government Corporation

A

A government agency that operates like a business corporation, created to secure greater freedom of action and flexibility for a particular program.

60
Q

Incumbency

A

already holding an office

61
Q

Independent Agencies

A

agencies in the executive branch of the federal government formed by Congress to help enforce laws and regulations not covered by the executive departments

62
Q

Iron Triangle

A

A close relationship between an bureaucracy, a congressional committee, and an interest group

63
Q

Judicial Activism

A

An interpretation of the U.S. constitution holding that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can legitimately influence judicial decisions (particularly decisions of the Supreme Court)

64
Q

Judicial Restraint

A

A judicial philosophy in which judges play minimal policymaking roles, leaving that duty strictly to the legislatures

65
Q

PAC

A

political action committee; a tax-exempt 527 organization that pools campaign contributions from members and donates those funds to campaigns for or against candidates, ballot initiatives, or legislation.

66
Q

Standing Committees

A

A permanent committee established in a legislature, usually focusing on a policy area

67
Q

Double Jeopardy

A

a procedural defence that prevents an accused person from being tried again on the same charges following an acquittal or conviction and in rare cases prosecutorial and/or judge misconduct in the same jurisdiction.

68
Q

House Rules Committee

A

a committee of the United States House of Representatives. It is responsible for the rules under which bills will be presented to the House of Representatives, unlike other committees, which often deal with a specific area of policy.

69
Q

Logrolling

A

An agreement by two or more lawmakers to support each other’s bills

70
Q

Majority Leader

A

The legislative leader selected by the majority party who helps plan party strategy, confers with other party leaders, and tries to keep members of the party in line.

71
Q

Minority Leader

A

Leader of the minority party in a legislature

72
Q

Office of Management and Budget

A

Executive office responsible for helping the President write the federal budget and monitoring federal spending.

73
Q

Oral Argument

A

legal argument made by each attorney in proceedings before the court in an attempt to persuade the court to decide the issue in their client’s favor

74
Q

Oversight

A

Congressional review of the activities of an executive agency, department, or office.

75
Q

Patronage

A

Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

76
Q

Pork-barrel legislation

A

legislation that gives tangible benefits to constituents in several districts or states in the hope of winning their votes in return

77
Q

Rule of Four

A

Requirement that a case can only be heard by the Supreme Court if four justices vote to hear the case

77
Q

Private Bill

A

A legislative bill that deals only with specific, private, personal, or local matters

78
Q

Senatorial Courtesy

A

Presidential custom of submitting the names of prospective appointees for approval to senators from the states in which the appointees are to work.

79
Q

Seniority

A

Unwritten rule in both houses of Congress reserving committee chairs to members of the committee with the longest records of continuous service.

80
Q

Signing Statements

A

pronouncements of how the president intends to interpret and apply a law when he signs a bill into law

81
Q

Sociological Representation

A

identifies the best representative as the one who shares a similar racial, ethnic, religious, or occupational background with those he or she represents.

82
Q

Solicitor General

A

The solicitor general is responsible for handling all appeals on behalf of the United States government to the Supreme Court.

83
Q

Speaker of the House

A

An office mandated by the Constitution. The Speaker is chosen in practice by the majority party, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line to succeed to the presidency should that office become vacant.

84
Q

Stare Decisis

A

A common law doctrine under which judges are obligated to follow the precedents established in prior decisions

85
Q

Writ of Certiorari

A

a writ (order) of a higher court to a lower court to send all the documents in a case to it so the higher court can review the lower court’s decision

86
Q

Strict Constructivism

A

the legal philosophy that judges should use the intentions of those writing the law or the constitution as guides for how to interpret the law

87
Q

Whip system

A

an organization of House leaders who work to disseminate information and promote party unity in voting on legislation

87
Q

Trial Court

A

Court of original jurisdiction where cases begin

88
Q

Quota Sampling

A

requires that representative individuals are chosen out of a specific subgroup with similar characteristics

FBLA Region '23 (9 decks)

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