Public Participation

Question 1

Advocacy Planning

Answer 1

Developed by Paul Davidoff. Idea that the planner serves an interest group. Plural plans are produced based on goals and needs of various interests.

Question 2

Sherry Arnstein

Answer 2

Developed the “Ladder of Participation” which illustrated the various levels of participation, from no participation to full participation.

Question 3

Design charrette

Answer 3

An intense collaborative effort that brings together citizens, stakeholders, and staff to develop a detailed design plan for a specific area. May be held over one or more days. Effective for quickly developing consensus.

Question 4

Delphi Method

Answer 4

A structured process of participation with the intent of coming to a consensus decision. Method created by US Army Air Force in 1944. Method: a panel of citizens and stakeholders complete a series of questionnaires. Through rounds of questioning and discussion and revision of answers, the range of answers decreases and the group converges toward a solution.

Question 5

Facilitation

Answer 5

A method that uses a person that does not have a direct stake in the outcome of a meeting helps groups to come to a consensus to solve complex problems.

Question 6

Mediation

Answer 6

This method is a dispute resolution process that is used to help resolve conflict without involving the court system. A third-party facilitates discussion in a structured multi-stage process to help parties reach an agreement.

Question 7

Public hearing

Answer 7

Meetings typically associated with the planning commission, city council, or other governing body to allow formal citizen input. Typically mandated by law. Are best used at the end of a process, and are ineffective at building participation or consensus.

Question 8

Visual preference survey

Answer 8

This participation method uses a variety of pictures depicting the natural and built environments to indicate what a citizen sees as appropriate for their community.

Question 9

Coalition building

Answer 9

Technique used when a group has a common goal that they want to implement. Brings together several organizations that work together toward a common goal.

Question 10

Conflict resolution

Answer 10

This method is used when stakeholders in a community cannot come to a consensus after other methods of mediation and consensus building have been exhausted.

Question 11

Saul Alinsky 1930

Answer 11

This person was an early founder of organizing people for planning. (back of the yards, or grassroots organizing).

Question 12

Economic Opportunity Act of 1964

Answer 12

Act that put money towards alleviating poverty. This went to fund community action agencies. Required that all programs be conducted and developed with maximum participation of the people in the neighborhood.

Question 13

Social justice

Answer 13

This term emerged in the planning vocabulary in the 1960s and 1970s. It refers to fair and equal rights for all in terms of spatial issues and social access.

Question 14

The Deliberative Practitioner

John Forrester

Answer 14

This book looks at issues of social justice and taking a look at how we think we practice

Question 15

Beneficiary assessment

Answer 15

This method is used so that project beneficiaries can provide insights on how a project will affect them. It is effective when working for the poor or those without political power.

Question 16

SARAR

Answer 16

Self-esteem, Associative strength, Resourcefulness, Action planning, and Responsibility. It is a series of techniques designed to be highly visual and accessible to those who cannot read or write. Examples: pocket charts, three pile sorting, pictures stories with gaps

Question 17

Goals-Achievement Matrix

Answer 17

A participatory process that allows the participants to access project alternatives by weighing the alternatives according to a group of citizen goals.

Question 18

Appreciative Inquiry Summit

Answer 18

This technique is a large, multi-day event designed to bring people together to agree on changes that are needed in the community.

Question 19

Samoan Circle

Answer 19

This participatory technique is designed to allow interaction in small groups, but can be witnessed or heard by a large group. The meeting is set up with an inner circle of 5-6 chairs, and the remaining chairs are set up in concentric outer circles. Initially, everyone is seated in the outer circles and people who wish to speak move to the inner circle.