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Public Law Flashcards

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1
Q

Constitutional law

A

body of legal rules and political arrangements; puts country and gov together; contains ground legal rules which regulate it

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2
Q

UK Constitution

A

(1) unwritten, (2) flexible, (3) monarchical, (4)unitary, (5) subordinate to legislature, (6) based on partial degree of separation of powers

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3
Q

Flexible

A

there are no special procedures for making or amending constitutional law, can be adapted quickly with minimum of formality

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4
Q

Unitary

A

all gov power originates in central or national gov; powers of local authorities is subordonate; Westminster parliament is central and devolves power to others (Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales, London)

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5
Q

Localism Act 2011

A

local powers can do anything unless forbidden by law

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6
Q

Monarchical

A

Queen is head of state; hereditary principle

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7
Q

Subordonate to legislature

A

UK gov system is based on parliamentary sovereignty

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8
Q

Representative parliamentary system

A

different political parties can contribute to law-making

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9
Q

Parliamentary accountability

A

gov is accountable to parliam

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10
Q

Judicial review

A

gov is accountable to judiciary

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11
Q

Liberal idealism

A

equality, non-discrimination, fair and impartial judicial procedures

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12
Q

R v AG (2006)

A

no constitutional principle which prohibits parliam altering the constitution

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13
Q

R v SofS of Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (2003)

A

court has no jurisdiction to set aside any provision of Act of Parliament due to being unlawful, save in circumstances set out in ECA 1972

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14
Q

Sources of constitutional law

A

(1) common law (2) acts of parliam (3) EU law (4) ECHR (5) law and custom of parliam

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15
Q

R v SofS for the Environment, Transport and the Regions (2001)

A

courts identify meaning of statutes in context to ascertain parliam’s intention

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16
Q

Thoburn (2003)

A

Laws LJ: constitutional statutes - those conditioning legal relationship btw citizen and state; or enlarge/diminish scope of fundamental const rights; i.e. (1) Magna Carta; (2) Bill of Rights 1689; (3) Union with Scotland Act; (4) Representation of the People Acts; (5) Human Rights Act 1998; (6) Scotland Act; (7) Gov of Wales Act; (8) European Communities Act 1972 - EU law prevail over UK law

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17
Q

EU law

A

incorporated by ss 2 and 3 ECA 1972; s 18 - superior to UK law subject to will of parliam

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18
Q

The law and custom of parliam

A

made up of practice and precedents (documentary records of parliam; journals of HoC and HoL; and Acts in art.9 Bill of Rights 1689)

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19
Q

Contitutional conventions (Dicey)

A

(1) Laws are enforceable, conventions - not; no remedies for breach
(2) Some conv are as important as law; obeyed as political rules
(3) conv are not legal rules cuz courts have no jurisdiction to enforce them
(4) conv has no legal effect in limiting legislative power of parliam

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20
Q

Contitutional conventions (JDB Mitchell)

A

(1) both conv and laws are based on precedent and can overlap; distinguishing is senseless

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21
Q

Contitutional conventions (Munro)

A

(1) conv and law - both rules operating in society; appear to be similar
(2) there should be two-class approach to conv

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22
Q

Contitutional conventions (KC Wheare)

A

(1) conv - usage and conventions, 1st non-binding, 2nd - yes

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23
Q

Contitutional conventions (Brazier)

A

conv - forms of political behaviour regarded as binding; distinguishable from non-binding

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24
Q

Royal assent

A

Law: necessity of Royal Assent for bill to become AoP
Conv: Q will give assent under Parliam Acts 1911 and 1949

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25
Q

Appointment of PM

A

Law: Q has unlimited power to chose from
Conv: Usually chooses leader of political party with majority of seats in HoC

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26
Q

Hung parliam

A

Convs: (1) PM can continue office (2) If can’t leader of opposition is appointed (3) no royal involv inter-party negotiations for gov

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27
Q

Appointment of ministers

A

Law: only 95 ministers can be appointed from HoC (HoC Act 1975)
Conv: (1) Q appoints minister upon PM’s advice (2) ministers are individually responsible to parliam

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28
Q

Cabinet

A

Committee of senior ministers, responsible for controlling gov policy

conv: collective Cabinet responsibility - Cabinet do not voice dissent on gov policy once a decision is taken

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29
Q

Liversidge (1942)

A

(1) courts may take conv into account and give opinion as to their existence and extent; (2) courts stand btw citizen and attempt to encroach his liberty

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30
Q

Test for existence of conv

A

Sir Ivor Jennings: asking (1) what are the precedents? (2) do actors in the precedents believe that they are bound by the rule? (3) is there a good reason for this rule

Supported in Reference re Amendment to the Constitution of Canda (1982)

31
Q

Madzimbamuto (1969)

A

conv have no legal effect to limit legislative supremacy of parliam

32
Q

Manuel v AG (1982)

A

conv cannot be a part of common law in the same way as customs are

33
Q

Rule of law (Dicey)

A

meaning: (1) predominance of law over discretionary prerogative power (2) everyone is equally subject to law (3) principles of UK const law come from ordinary law defining rights and obligations of individual and state

34
Q

Rimmington (2006)

A

Lord Bingham: conduct forbidden by law should be clearly indicated; law does not work backwards

35
Q

Sharma (2007)

A

Lord Bingham: rule of law requires that criminal law applies alike

36
Q

Rule of law (Marxist’s view)

A

tool used by ruling class to promote its interest and guarantee dominant position

37
Q

Rule of law (Jenning)

A

(1) state must be regulated by law (2) implicit separation of powers (3) clear and general rules applied and interpreted by courts (4) equality and liberty are important

38
Q

Rule of law (Raz)

A

any political ideal to be realised in legal terms

39
Q

Rule of law (Lord Bingham)

A

Principles of rule of law: (1) accessible, intelligible, clear and predictable; (2) application of law prevails exercise of discretion (3) protection of fundamental human rights (4) reasonable exercise of conferred powers in good faith (5) fair procedures (7) compliance with international law

40
Q

Stroud (1952)

A

Lord Goddar: public bodies exercising duties must act in accordance with statute

41
Q

Congreve (1976)

A

Lord Denning: Courts exercise independent jurisdiction to correct abuse of power by the executive,

42
Q

R v Immigration Appeal Tribunal (2005)

A

Lord Philips MR: common law rules governing access to judicial system and judicial review form cornerstone of rule of law

43
Q

Matthews (2003)

A

Lord Hoffmann: (1) civil rights must be determined by independent and impartial judicial system; (2) executive must never effectively decide a case

44
Q

Constitutional principle of rule of law

A

s 1 Constitutional Reform Act 2005

45
Q

SofS for Home Department v Rehman (2003)

A

Lord Hoffmann: (1) judicial non-intervention in the process of executive decision-making;
(2) what is conducive for public good is a matter for the executive discretion of SofS

46
Q

Secretary of State

A

Cabinet minister in charge of a gov department

47
Q

R v Director of the Serious Fraud Office (2009)

A

national security and other public considerations can outweigh the rule of law

48
Q

Privileges and immunities ex.

A

art. 9 Bill of Rights 1689 - absolute immunity for MPs for defamation during parliam proceedings

Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1992 - some immunities for trade unions

49
Q

Role of executive within rule of law

A

(1) enacting legislation and decision making (2) evaluating and deciding upon appropriate measures

50
Q

Role of judiciary within rule of law

A

A v SofS for the Home Department (2005):

(1) supervising executive’s adherence to ECHR; (2) giving latitude to executive; (3)intervening in case of breach of ECHR

51
Q

Shaw v DPP (1962)

A

creating offence of conspiracy to corrupt public morals; courts have duty to protect safety, order and moral welfare of the state

52
Q

Entick (1765)

A

Executive can do nothing without legal authority

53
Q

M v Home Office (1993)

A

Lord Templeman: Judiciary enforces law against individuals, institutions and executive; parliam makes laws and executory carries the laws into effect

54
Q

R v SofS for Home Department ex p Fire Brigades Union (1995)

A

Lord Mustill: courts ensure that powers are lawfully exercised by those to whom they were entrusted; executory, legislative and judges have largely exclusive domains of power

55
Q

Separation of powers

A

No statutory definition; same persons should not form part of more than one of gov organs and should independently act as check against the others (Lock and then Montesquieu)

56
Q

Legislative function

A

(1) drafting, making, publication, amendment of laws; (2) consists of monarch, HoL, HoC

57
Q

Executive function

A

(1) enforcing law through formulation of policy, discretionary decision making and action (2) consists of monarch, PM, Cabinet, SofSs, ministers of the Crown, departments of state, non-departmental public bodies, devolved administrative organisations, local authorities, police and armed forces

58
Q

Judicial function

A

(1)interpretation and application of law, resolving disputes, providing remedies, determining punishment (2) consists of all the judges who preside in the lower or senior courts and tribunals

59
Q

R v SofS for the Home Department (2003)

A

Lord Steyn: (1) separation of power is a strong principle of UK gov system, but UK const has never embraced a rigid doctrine of separation of powers; (2) decision to punish with imprisonment should be made by court (importance for rule of law and separation of powers)

60
Q

s 2 House of Commons Act 1975

A

no more than 95 holders of ministerial offices can sit and vote in HoC

61
Q

Constitutional Reform Act 2005

A

(1) duty on gov ministers to uphold independence of judiciary (2) judicial functions of the Lord Chancellor were transferred to the President of Courts of England and Wales; the executive - to SofS for Justice who heads the Ministry of Justice (3) established Supreme Court of UK (4) selection commission appoints judges

62
Q

s 10 HRA 1998

A

ministers of the Crown can make remedial orders amending legislations incompatible with human rights

63
Q

Primary legislation

A

Acts of Parliam creating powers for executive to somehow make laws

64
Q

Ex of lack of rigid separation of powers in UK

A

Monarch - head of executive, legislative and judicial

Privy Council & Cabinet - contain members of each organ of gov, each power (as above)

65
Q

Ex of partial separation of powers in UK

A

Legislature - judiciary + executive (limited statute)

Executive - under supervision of legislature and judiciary

Judiciary - independent but subject to Parliam sovereignty

66
Q

Bagehot

A

close fusion of executive and legislature in UK what makes gov works better

67
Q

Amery

A

executive and legislature have different and distinct functions

68
Q

Lord Hailsham

A

UK gov system - an elective dictatorship; parliam has absolute and unlimited legislative powers

69
Q

Dismissal of judges

A

can be removed by permission of both HoL and HoC in a petition to monarch when they do not behave well

70
Q

Civil Procedure Rule Committee

A

non-dep public body which makes rules for Civil Division of the Court of Appeal, the High Court and country courts; executive body but largely staffed with judiciary and legal professionals

71
Q

Sentencing Council for England and Wales

A

independent, non-del public body of Ministry of Justice; promotes greater transparency and consistency in sentencing and maintaining independence of judiciary; issues guidelines to sentencing; again executive but many legal professionals

72
Q

sub judice rule

A

what is under judicial consideration cannot be in public discussion; judges are not accountable to parliam; parliam may only legislate to reverse the effect of judicial decision

73
Q

Duport Steels Ltd (1980)

A

British const is firmly based on separation of powers in that parliam makes laws and judiciary interpret them

74
Q

R v SofS for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (2007)

A

Executive can make decisions where it has access to special info or expertise where necessary accountability to legislature; judiciary make sure that principle of proportionality and human rights are obeyed

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