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Infectious Disease Epi > Public Health Surveillance and EIDs > Flashcards

Public Health Surveillance and EIDs Flashcards

1
Q

What did Ignaz Semmelweis do?

A

kept birth/mortality statistics for vienna lying-in hospital and concept of anaylsis of surveillance and information for action

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2
Q

What did did Ignaz observe?

A

that coworker who was cut with a knife during an autopsy died of illness that resembled childbed fever

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3
Q

What did ignaz observe?

A

handwashing policy, which led to drastic reduction in mortality among patients

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4
Q

What was Ignaz Semmelweis’s information for action?

A

introduction of antiseptic prophylaxis intro medicine

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5
Q

How were the mortality rates in the division of Obstretics?

A

Semmelweis’s mortality rates went down in the 2nd division after the first divison.

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6
Q

What is the definition of Public Health surveillance?

A

the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data, essential to the planning, implementation and evaluation of public health practice, closely integrated with the dissemination of these data to those who need to know and linked to prevention and control.

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7
Q

What did Alex Langmuir do?

A
  • Epidemic Intelligence Service at CDC
  • Formation of Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists
  • Poliomyelitis surveillance (cutter incident)
  • World Health Assembly: national and global surveillance of communicable diseases
  • Definition of surveillance
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8
Q

What is the Epidemic Intelligence Service

A

EIS officers involved in
- response to terrorist attacks on 9/11
- investigation of anthrax bioterrorism
- ebola
- zika
- covid-19
- monkeypox

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9
Q

Public Health Milestones

A

1902 - all US states require reporting of infectious disease
1947 - malaria in war areas program
1951 - council of state and territorial epidemiologists/list of reportable disease
1955 - cutter incident
1961 - MMWR to CDC

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10
Q

Somalia, 1977

A

Ali Maalim - last recorded case of naturally caused smallpox
- deceased of malaria while working on somali polio vaccination campaign after virus re-introduced into Somalia in 2013

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11
Q

Types of conditions for which surveillance is used

A
  • communicable diseases
  • chronic diseases
  • occupational injuries
  • other injuries
  • health effects of toxic exposures
  • personal health practices
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12
Q

Surveillance is _________

A

information for action

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13
Q

What are the uses of surveillance?

A
  • portray natural history of disease
  • detect epidemics
  • generate hypotheses and stimulate research
  • evaluate control measures
  • monitor changes in infectious agents
  • detect changes in behaviors
  • facilitate planning
  • disease elimination
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14
Q

What is an example of natural history of disease?

A

COVID-19 cases and deaths as of 2020

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15
Q

What is an example of detecting epidemics?

A

Meningococcal infection (1987-1994)

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16
Q

What is an example of generating hypothesis and stimulating research?

A

measles (1997-2014)

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17
Q

What was seen in the measles outbreak from 1997-2014?

A

there was an upward trend

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18
Q

What else was seen from January- June 2014 with the measles cases?

A

514 cases reported from 20 states including 16 outbreaks
- 48 importations
81% unvaccinated

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19
Q

What were the complications in patients with measles infection?

A

hospitalization, admission to ICU, diarrhea, pneumonia, encephalitis

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20
Q

What disease focused on pertussis infection from 1922-2014?

A

evaluating control measures

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21
Q

What focused on monitoring inffectious agents?

A

% of isolates with elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICS) to Azithromycin

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22
Q

What study focused on detecting changes in behvaior?

A

current cigarette smoking among U.S. high school students

23
Q

What focused on facilitating planning?

A

HIV diagnosis rates

24
Q

What is focusing on disease elimination?

A

vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelits

25
Q

What are attributes of surveillance?

A
  • simplicity
  • flexibility
    -acceptability
    -sensitivity
  • specificity/PPV
    -representativeness
    -timeliness
    -usefulness
26
Q

Sensitivity and positive predictive value in surveillance

A

Sensitivity = A/(A+C)
Specificity = D/(B+D)
Positive predictive value = A(A+B)

27
Q

Case definitions for surveillance

A
  • trade off between sensitivity and specificity
  • potential components: clinical, laboratory, and epidemiologic criteria
  • Hepatitis A: acute illness with a. discrete onset of symptoms
    b: jaundice or elevated serum aminotransferase levels AND hepatitis A Igm
28
Q

Passive vs. active surveillance: PASSIVE

A

Advantages: inexpensive, easy to perform, useful for monitoring trends
Disadvantages: low sensitivity, amount of data collected often limited, may not be representative

29
Q

What is the Emerging Infections Program Network

A

established in 1994 by CDC
10 active surveillance sites throughout the US
- generally a collaborative effort between state health departments and academia

30
Q

What is the purpose of the Emerging Infections Program Network?

A

Monitor vaccine-preventable and drug-resistant infections
- monitor trends in enteric foodborne diseases
- healthcare-associated infections
- applied research with a focus on the control of infectious disease caused by these organisms and new emerging diseases threats

31
Q

What is Sentinel vs Universal Surveillance

A

The use of selected, (hopefully) representative sites to provide detailed information on a particular condition
Ex: GISP Gonococcal isolate surveillance project
- used because too difficult to conduct large-scale active surveillance on a large population

32
Q

What is a registry?

A

an organization for the collection, storage, analysis, and interpretation of data on persons with a particular illness
- a registry does not in itself constitute surveillance but the data can be used for public health surveillance

33
Q

What is Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)

A

established by National Cancer Act in 1991
- collects cancer data on routine basis from population
- based cancer registries
- trends in cancer incidence, mortality and patient survival in the United States, as well as many other studies are derived from this data bank

34
Q

Analysis of Surveillance Data

A
  • Time
  • Place
  • Person
  • Trends
  • Microbial characteristic
  • Rates
35
Q

Surveillance systems in the US

A
  • notifiable diseases-reporting systems
  • laboratory based surveillance
  • hospital- based surveillance
  • population-based surveillance
  • vital records
  • registries
36
Q

Who said the quote about Emerging Infectious Diseases

A

Sir McFarland Burnet

37
Q

What was clear in the trends in Annual Rates of Death due to the 6 leading causes among persons 25-44?

A

HIV had the most deaths

38
Q

What were the world’s top health problems?

A

Mostly HIV related diseases

39
Q

What is an example of a classic emerging infectious disease?

A

COVID-19 cases and deaths

40
Q

What is the definition of Emerging Infections?

A

new, reemerging or drug-resistant infections whose incidence in humans has increased within the past two decades or whole incidence threatens to increase in the near future

41
Q

What are some examples of emerging infectious diseases?

A

HIV, E.Coli, muti-drugreistant bacteria, measles, west nile virus, avian flu, pertussis, ebola and zika

42
Q

What disease was in the UK?

A

Bovine spongiform encephalpathy and human variant

43
Q

When was E.coli first recognized as a pathogen?

A

1982

44
Q

How is West-Nile Virus Transmitted?

A

from mosquito vector to incidental infections

45
Q

How did West-Nile spread in 1999-2004?

A

from birds, horses, mosquitoes, and other animals and humans

46
Q

When did the Middle East Respiratory virus grow?

A

in 2012

47
Q

When were the re-emergence of pertussis in the US?

A

From 1922 there was a large spike and then it went down. However, in 2012, there was another reemergence.

48
Q

For Pertussis, what is the difference between DTAP and Tdap?

A

DTap (1990s)
- infants
- toddlers
- pre-school 4-6 years

Tdap (2005)
- adolescents and adults
- preferred administration at 11-12 years

49
Q

What was the vaccine effectiveness of Tdap?

A

It was most effective in 2012 at 75.3%

50
Q

What are pertactin deficient mutants?

A

Proportion of prnIS481-positive B. pertussis isolates from the U.S. 2010-2012 collection, stratified by year

51
Q

What disease was prevalent in West Africa in 2014?

A

Ebola

52
Q

Where was Zika prevalent?

A

in the Americas

53
Q

When was the largest U.S. Measles outbreak in 25 years?

A

in 2020 of October

54
Q

What decreased the life expectancy of the US population?

A

COVID-19

Infectious Disease Epi (4 decks)

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