Tumor Viruses and FDA Medical Product Decisions During COVID Pandemic

Question 1

WHat are the 7 human cancer viruses?

Answer 1

EPV
Hepatitis B virus
Human T-lympohotropic virus
High-risk human papillomaviruses
Hepatitis C virus
Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus
Merkel cell polyomavrius

Question 2

Viruses cause _____

Answer 2

1 in 6 human cancer cases: 2-3 million cases per year

Question 3

What does indirect carcinogenesis?

Answer 3

chronic viral infection -> inflammation

Question 4

What is direct carcinogenesis?

Answer 4

EBV, HTLV I, KSHV, Papillomavrius, MCV

Question 5

What are viral cancers?

Answer 5

virus always necessary:
- cervical cancer (HPV), KS (KSHV)

Question 6

What are both virus + and virus cancers?

Answer 6

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCV), head and neck cancer (HPV)

Question 7

Epstein-Barr Virus (EPV)

Answer 7

causes: lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric cancer, multiple sclerosis, mononucleosis

• large dDNA virus
  -ubiquitious >95% adults

Question 8

Hepatitis B Virus

Answer 8

(HPV)
Causes: hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma

Small ssDNA virus

Chronic infection (esp. perinatal), Asia and Africa

Question 9

Human T cell lymphotropic virus I

Answer 9

Causes: Acute T cell leukemia, tropical spastic paraperesis/myelopathy

First human retrovirus
- Sex, breast milk, transfusions
Japan, Caribbean, Central America

Question 10

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Answer 10

Causes: Cervical cancer, head-neck cancer, anal cancer, penile cancer

Sexual transmission: cancers related to site of inoculation

Question 11

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

Answer 11

Causes: hepatitis, hepatocellular, carcinoma
+ssRNA virus (flavivirus similar to West Nile, dengue viruses)
-IDU, transfusiion, transplantation

Question 12

What are methods to discover new human cancer viruses?

Answer 12

Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) and Merkel cell polyomavrius (MCV)

Question 13

What did the Lancet say?

Answer 13

KS agent should be rare in general US
-sexual transmitted, poor blood-borne transmission
-KS agent: Africa> Mediterranean > No. America
no symptoms in health adults, KS in immunosuppressed population

Question 14

What is Merkel Cell Carcinoma?

Answer 14

a rare skin cancer thst usually develops on sun-exposed skin
- one of the deadliest skin cancers
>13 fold increase AIDS

Question 15

Merkel Cell Polyomavirus

Answer 15

Small ds DNA virus similar to SV40
- near- ubiquitois (EBV)
MCV causes ~80% MCC tumors

Question 16

Tumor Virus or Rumor Virus?

Answer 16

PCR Contamination: KSHV and myeloma
DNA Sequencing Contamination: New hepatitis virus

Question 17

What are Koch’s Postulates?

Answer 17

1. can be isolated from lesion
2. can be grown in pure culture
3. induces disease in susceptible host
4. can be re-isolated from infected susceptible host

Question 18

EBV

Answer 18

ubiquitious: 95%
- Risk factor for infection are not risk factors for cancer
- other host/environment risk factors needed