Public Health Panic Flashcards
What are five lifestyle factors that promote mortality?
Smoking Obesity Sedentary lifestyle Excess alcohol Poor diet
What is an ad hominem response?
Responding to arguments by attacking a persons character rather than the content of their argument (Latin for: to the man)
When might disclosure be required by law?
Notifiable diseases, regulatory bodies, ordered by a judge or police
What is morality?
Concern with the distinction between good and evil or right and wrong.
What is an authority claim?
Saying that something is correct because authority has said so.
What are the four main focuses of the black report? What is the black report?
Black report is a report on health inequalities. 1980. Showed that those from lower social class had much poorer health than those from higher social class.
- Material - environmental causes, might be mediated by behaviour
- Artefact - (an apparent product of how the inequality is measured)
- Cultural/behavioural - poorer people behave in unhealthy ways
- Selection - sick people sink socially and economically
What is the health belief model?
Individuals must believe that they are susceptible to the condition.
Individuals must believe it has serious consequences.
Individuals must believe that taking action r duces their risks
Individuals must believe that the benefits of taking action outweigh the cost.
What is lampedusa?
An Italian island, primary transit point for immigrants from Africa.
Closest European territory to shores of Libya. Deadliest migrant route in the world.
What is kantiansim?
Features of the act themselves determine worthiness (goodness) out if that act. Essentially deontological. Duty. Sometimes duties conflict.
Name three duties of a doctor
Protect and promote the health of patients
Provide a good standard of practice and care
Recognise and work within the limits of your competence.
Work with colleagues in ways that best serve patients interests.
Treat patients as individuals and respect their dignity.
What is the MMSE?
The mini mental state exam.
Orientation, immediate memory.
Short term memory
Language functioning
What is sick role behaviour?
Aimed at getting well. Compliance, resting.
Which organisations are the key actors in global health?
The un agencies (UNICEF, unaids, who)
Foundations (bill and Melinda gates foundation)
NGOs (msf, save the children)
Multilateral development banks (the world bank)
Bilateral agencies (CIDA)
What is virtue ethics?
Focus is on the kind of person who is acting. Deemphasises rules. Is the person a good character or not? We become virtuous only be practicing virtuous actions. Integration of reason and emotion.
What are the NHS goals in terms of migrants?
Equity of access
Reducing gap in health inequalities
Providing services for the vulnerable
Ensuring services are appropriate and accessible
Give some consequences of climate change.
Heatwaves
Sea level rise
New diseases
Scarcity of resources, migration, war
Define sustainability
Being able to meet the needs of today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet the needs of tomorrow
Who might migrate to the uk?
Asylum seekers, refugees, trafficked people
Migrant workers, family workers
Family joiners, international students
What is ethics?
A system of moral principles and a branch of philosophy which defines what is good for individuals and society. (May differ in different cultures)
Wha is the biomedical model? What are the downsides.
Mind and body are treated separately
Body, like a machine, can be repaired
This privileges use of technological interventions
It neglects social and psychological dimensions of disease.
What is the Bradford Hill criteria? Give examples.
A group of minimal conditions necessary to provide adequate evidence of a causal relationship. Strength Consistency Specificity Temporality Biological gradient Coherence Analogy
Where do most economic migrants in he U.K. Come from?
Romania, Poland, Spain, Italy, Bulgaria
What is health behaviour?
Aimed to prevent disease. E.g. Eating healthily.
What is chronic illness?
A persistent or recurring condition, which may or may not be severe. Often starting gradually with slow changes. Can’t be cured but can be treated.
What is meta-ethics?
Exploring fundamental questions: right/wrong/defining the good life
What are the theories of causation of health inequalities?
Psychosocial - stress results in inability to respond efficiently to body’s demands. Impacts blood pressure, cortisol levels and on inflammatory and neuro-endocrine responses.
Neo material - more hierarchal societies are less willing to invest in provision of public goods. Poorer people have less material goods, quality of which is generally lower.
Life-course - a combination of both psychosocial and neomaterial. Critical periods possess greater impact at certain points in life course. Accumulation - hazards and their impacts add up, hard work leads to injuries resulting in disabilities that may lead to more injuries. Interactions and pathways, sexual abuse in childhood leads to poor partner choice in adulthood.
What is ‘motherhood’ as an ethical fallacy?
Inserting a soft statement to disguise the disputable one. “All humans are equal” “guns don’t kill people, people kill people” “all lives matter”
What are some possible solutions to problems caused by climate change?
Control the world population
Reduce energy consumption
Get our energy from renewable resources
Where do most asylum seekers in the U.K. Come from?
Pakistan, Iran, Sri Lanka, Syria
What is polypharmacy?
The use of multiple medications or administration of more medications than are clinically indicated.
What are the criteria for disclosure?
Anonymous is practicable
Patients consent (can be overruled)
Kept to a necessary minimum
Meets current law
What does the Katz adl scale measure?
Activities of daily life. Bathing Dressing Toilet use Transferring (in and out of bed/chair) Urine and bowel continence Eating
When May disclosure be allowed?
Required by law
Patient consent
Public interest
Give some examples of health improvement.
Lifestyles Family and community Education Employment Housing Surveillance and monitoring
What is a dissenter?
Identifying those who disagree does not itself prove the claim is not valid.
What is the no true Scotsman argument?
Modifying the argument.
No Scotsman would do such a thing
But this one did
Well no true Scotsman would.
What is the barthel adl index?
10 items that measure daily functioning Feeding Moving from wheelchair to bed Grooming Transferring to and from a toilet Bathing Walking on a level Going up and down stairs Dressing Continence of bowels Continence of bladder
What is acute illness?
A disease of short duration that starts quickly and has severe symptoms, often can be cured
Why might a migrant be vulnerable? What emotional ‘baggage’ might a migrant come with?
Persecution, war, political and social unrest.
Exploitation, torture, rape, bereavement.
Burden of disease and socio-economic status
What are the domains of public health?
Health protection
Improving services
Health improvement
Addressing the wider determinants of health
What are the structural determinants of illness?
Social class Material deprivation/ poverty Unemployment Discrimination/racism Gender and health
What is illness behaviour?
Aimed to seek remedy. E.g going to the doctor
Give some examples of health protection issues.
Infectious diseases Chemicals and poisons Pollution Radiation Emergency response
What is the digital divide?
Difference in access to information
Give some examples of ethical theories
Virtue ethics Categorical Imperative Utilitarianism 4 principles
What are the leading causes of death in children in the developing world?
Pneumonia, diarrhoea, malaria
What are the three main notifiable diseases?
Cholera
Yellow fever
Plague
What is proportionate universalism?
Focusing on the disadvantaged only will not help reduce the inequality.
Action must be universal but with a scale and intensity proportional to the disadvantage.
Fair distribution of wealth is important.
What are some of the major problems facing the developed world?
Great population growth, digital divide, low fertility, healthcare worker migration to rich developed countries.
What are the eight millennium development goals?
- Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
- Achieve universal primary education
- Promote gender equality and empower women
- Reduce child mortality
- Improve maternal health
- Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
- Ensure environmental sustainability
- Develop a global partnership for development
What are the five focal virtues?
Compassion Discernment Trustworthiness Integrity Conscientiousness
What is the greenhouse effect?
Irreversible heating of the planet
What is the Gini coefficient?
A statistical representation of nations income distribution amongst its residents - the lower the coefficient, the greater the equality amongst people. U.K. Has a high inequality coefficient compar d to Scandinavian countries.
What are the main points to be taken from the Acheson report (1998)?
Income inequality should be reduced
Give high priority to the health of families with children
Give some examples of improving services
Clinical effectiveness
Efficiency
Service planning
Equity
What is the transtheoretical model?
Pre contemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance Relapse
What is utilitarianism? What is negative?
Maximising good and minimising harm. Doesn’t look at individual.
What is the IADL?
Instrumental activities of daily living. Use of telephone Travelling by car or using public transport Food or clothes shopping Meal preparation Housework Medication use Management of money
What is cost effectiveness analysis?
Economic evaluation: Incremental cost per life year gained
What is cost-utility analysis?
Economic evaluation: Outcomes measured in quality adjusted life years, incremental cost per qualy gained
What is cost-benefit analysis?
Economic evaluation: outcomes measured in monetary units, net monetary benefit. The soulless one!!
Define equity. What are the issues with equity.
The fairness or justice of the distribution of costs and benefits. Difficult to quantify. Opposing views of what is fair.
What is the main purpose of economic evaluation?
To ask whether the incremental benefits of a new treatment is worth the incremental cost?
What is economic efficiency?
When resources are allocated between activities in such a way as to maximise benefit.
What is opportunity cost?
The opportunity cost of an activity is the sacrifice in terms of benefits foregone from not allocating resources to the next best activity.
What are the basic problems in health economics?
Resources are finite (scarcity)
He desire for good and services is infinite (insatiable)
No country treats all treatable health (no capacity to do so)
Choice cannot be avoided (decision making)
Name five forms of complementary medicine.
Acupuncture Chiropractic therapy Homeopathy Herbal medicine Osteopathy
Hat are the four main STIs?
Chlamydia
Gonorrhoea
Syphilis
Trichomoniasis
Define CAM.
Complementary alternative medicine.
A broad domain of healing resources that encompasses all health systems, modalities and practices and their accompanying theories and beliefs.
Healing resources other than those intrinsic to he politically dominant health system of a particular society or culture in a given historical period.
