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Public Health > Public Health Module 5 and 6 > Flashcards

Public Health Module 5 and 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Bioethics

A

Elements of both healthcare and public health. Applies morals and values to areas of potential conflict and integral part of health law and policy.

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2
Q

What is police power

A

Allows state to pass legislation and take actions to protect the common good

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3
Q

What are the topics addressed in the scope of health law, policy and ethics

A

Tools to encourage and discourgage behaviors by individuals and groups: Public health, bioethics, health care

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4
Q

Expand on health care

A

Concern about access, quality, and cost of care, emphasis on services for entire population, especially vulnerable groups

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5
Q

Importance of the 3 topics

A

Address right to healthcare and how health care balances rights

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6
Q

What is Interstate Commerce clause

A

Major source of federal authority in public healthy and health care

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7
Q

Health policy

A

Decisions, plans and actions that are taken to achieve specific health goals for a population

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8
Q

Health policies can be made by who

A

made by private groups, commercial trade associations, government organizations.

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9
Q

Health in all policies approach

A

Private and public entities work towards common goals to achieve improved health for all white reducing health inequalities.

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10
Q

Healthy People

A

Prioritizes the issues that affect the health of the U.S. population

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11
Q

What happened in 1948

A

Right to health care incorporated into the Universal declaration of human rights and the constitution of the world health organization

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12
Q

Self-imposed risk vs. imposed risk

A

Self: individuals who knowingly take risk
Imposed: Risk to individuals or population that is not in your control/beyond direct

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13
Q

What is the Belmont Report

A

Defines the rights of research subjects and outlines three basic ethical principles:

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14
Q

Aspects of Belmont Report

A
  1. Respect for persons: Autonomy, protect those with diminished autonomy
  2. Beneficence: Do no harm, maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms
  3. Justice: Fairness in distribution
  4. Institutional review boards (IRBs): Must approve most human research before it can begin
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15
Q

What is burden of disease and what are the factors

A

The impact of the disease on the population, burden of disease is measured by number of factors (WHO).
1. Mortality = Death rate caused by disease
2. Morbidity = The rate or degree of disease in individuals/populations
3. The financial impact of disease

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16
Q

Define Risk Factor

A

Factor that makes individual or population more susceptible to disease

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17
Q

What are the non communicable disease risk factors:

A

A. Tobacco
B. Unhealthy diet
C. Sedentary behavior and inactivity
D. Harmful use of alcohol
E. Obesity

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18
Q

4 main non-communicable disease

A
  1. Cardiovascular
  2. Cancer
  3. Chronic respiratory disease
  4. Diabetes
19
Q

Name other common diseases

A
  1. Alzheimer
  2. Arthritis
  3. About 50 more common ones
20
Q

Define non-communicable disease

A

Main cause of death and disability, more common in developed countries.

21
Q

What can disease morbidity also be defined as or equal

A

Chronic Disabilities

22
Q

Other non-communicable factors include

A

Increases in cots of healthcare and poor quality of life

23
Q

What is mental health leading cause of in U.S.

A

Disability

24
Q

What are the preventative, curative and rehabilitative approaches to non-communicable diseases:

A

A. Screening for early detection
B. Multiple risk factor intervention
C. Identification of cost-effective treatments
D. Genetic counseling and intervention
E. Research

25
Q

Screening for early detection of NCDs and examples

A

Detection at early stage
Treatment
Better outcomes = Reduce or prevent disability —— Reduce or prevent death
Examples: Colon Cancer, Vision disorders, Hearing disorders

26
Q

Criteria for NCD Screening Program

A
  1. Disease produces substantial death and or disability
  2. Early detection is possible and improves outcome
  3. There is a feasible testing strategy for screening
  4. Screening is acceptable in terms of harms, costs and patent acceptance
27
Q

What approach is used to address burden of NCD and what are the steps

A

Multiple risk factor approach
Identify possible risk factors  Target them by an intervention approach (Ex: treatment)-Intervention is called Multiple Risk Factor Reduction

28
Q

When are these steps/approach effective

A

Most effective when there are constellations or groups of risk factors that cluster in definable groups of people

29
Q

When are these steps/approach useful

A

Useful when two or more risk factors increases the risk more than would be expected by adding together the impact of each risk factor

30
Q

Define cost-effective interventions approach

A
  1. Cost-effectiveness combines issues of benefits and harms with issues of financial costs
  2. Compares a new intervention to the current or standard intervention
    a. Is the additional net-effectiveness of an intervention worth the additional cost
    b. Is a small loss of net-effectiveness worth the considerable savings in cost
31
Q

Which part of quadrant do you want to be on

A

Right lower side

32
Q

Define genetic counseling approach

A
  1. Targeted diseases that are caused by gene abnormalities
    a. Tay-Sachs disease in Ashkenazi Jews
    b. Sickle-cell anemia among African Americans
    (Both caused from presence of certain genes)
    c. Down syndrome = chromosomal abnormalities
33
Q

Define genetic counseling approach continued (actual steps of procedure)

A

Predict the risk of a disease:
Presence of breast cancer gene variant (BRCA1)
Degree of association varies (incomplete penetrance)
Not easy to predict the outcome

34
Q

Define pharmacogenetics testing

A

Shows information how people respond to drug
Helps identify the best drug and best does
A. Some people are allergic to abacavir
a. HIH antiviral agent
b. 10 percent Caucasians carry a gene that give 50 percent chance of developing fetal hypersensitivity
c. Alternative drugs exist
d. Example of how this approach can intervene

35
Q

Define ethical, legal and social implications of genetic counseling approach

A

Should we identify disease when little can be done
Sharing of genetic risk information
Discrimination based on genetic information
Providing equal access to tests = health equity

36
Q

How to prevent long-term mortality and morbidity during NCD intervention

A
  1. Weigh short-term benefits verses long-term problems
    a. Example: drugs that suppress immune system (Rheumatoid arthritis)
  2. Death from drug overdoes in U.S increased 500 percent since 1990
    After introduction of prescription opioid drugs look at long-term harm potential long-term
    Alzheimer’s: One of the most rapidly increased NCD (Non-Communicable Disease)
37
Q

2 moral impulses that animate public health

A
  1. Advance human well-being by improving health
  2. Focusing on the needs of the most disadvantaged.
38
Q

Define 4 components of healthful eating and being physically active:

A
  1. Intrapersonal
  2. Interpersonal
  3. Community/Institution
  4. Macro/Public Policy
39
Q

Provide examples of Intrapersonal healthy eating and physical activity

A

Control of individual, examples: taste preferences or lack of nutrition knowledge and skills, inadequate cooking skills

Physical limitations, joints, shortness of breath, lack of interest, lack of self-confidence and motivation

40
Q

Provide examples of Interpersonal healthy eating and physical activity

A

Primary social relationships surrounding individual, Food intake related to parents’ nutrition knowledge and food intake, expectation that it’s negative to eat healthy when others around you don’t

Physical: Socioeconomic factors: lower frequency of weekly families’ meals, lower exercise rates

41
Q

Provide examples of community/instituion healthy eating and physical activity

A

Neighborhoods, work sites, schools: Characteristics of environment influence eating behaviors, limited food availability, fewer stores, more fast-food places, difficulty traveling places.

42
Q

Provide examples of macro/public policy healthy eating and physical activity

A

Local, state, and federal policies: Food Stamp Program, limited English or literacy levels, cyclic eating pattern, food pricing

43
Q

Describe the benefits of screening

A

More effective treatment, better future health, Reassurance, informed decisions, worthwhile use of resources, reproductive choice

44
Q

Describe the downsides of screening

A

Incorrect results, treatment risks, difficult decisions, anxiety or false reassurance, over treatment, harms from screening tests

Public Health (2 decks)

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