Public Health - Midterm 2 Flashcards
BIG GEMS
B ehavior
I nfection
G enetics
G eography
E nvironment
M edical Care
S ocioeconomic-cultural
Morbidity
departure, subjective, state of physiological wellbeing
Mortality
death, reported
Confounding Variable
Affects the cause and outcome
Ecological Analysis
Data is analyzed at the population level rather than the individual level
Case-Fatality Rate
estimates the chances of dying if one gets the disease
Case-Control Study
study design that compares individuals with disease (cases) with individuals who don’t (controls) to identify possible exposure
Cohort Study
study design that compares individuals exposed/not exposed and follows up both over time to compare the incidence of the disease
Randomized Control Study (RCT)
randomly assigns individuals to a treatment/exposure or control (placebo) status and follows up both over time to compare the incidence of the outcome
Efficacy
performance of an intervention under ideal and controlled circumstances
Effectiveness
performance of an intervention under “real world” conditions
Non-Communicable Disease
tend to be of longer duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioral factors
Prevention Pyramid
Tertiary: rehabilitation to reduce complications
Secondary: “preclinical stage”, prevent injury
Primary: target risk factors leading to injury/disease
Primordial: social/economic policies affecting health
Test Sensitivity
test’s ability to diagnose a patient with disease as positive
Test Specificity
test’s ability to diagnose patient without disease as negative
False Negative Results
Test indicates that the patient doesn’t have the disease but they actually do
False Positive Results
Test indicates the person has the disease but they actually don’t
Multiple Risk Factor Reduction
a strategy to intervene simultaneously on a series of risk factors that contribute to a particular outcome
Cost Effectiveness
combines issues of benefits and harms with issues of financial costs
Net Effectiveness
the ability of an intervention to have a meaningful impact on patients in normal clinical conditions
Causes of Communicable Diseases
bacteria, viruses, parasites
Epidemic
an increase in the frequency of a disease above the usual and expected rate
Endemic
generally stable level that fluctuates (flu)
Pandemic
an epidemic occurring worldwide or over a wide area, crossing international boundaries, and affecting a large number of people
Koch’s Postulates
1) the organism must be shown to be present in every case of the disease by isolation of the organism
2) the organism must not be found in cases of other diseases
3) once isolated, the organism must be capable of replicating the disease in an experimental animal
4) the organism must be recoverable from the animal
R-Naught
used to estimate the degree of communicability of a disease & the potential of the disease to lead to an epidemic
Quarantine
separates/restricts movement of people exposed to a contagious disease to see if they develop the disease
Isolation
separates sick people with a contagious disease from those who aren’t sick
Herd Immunity
protection from an infectious disease as a result of living in a community where a large number of people are vaccinated against the disease
Public Health Tools to Address Burden of Communicable Diseases
1) screening and case finding
2) treatment and contact treatment
3) efforts to maximize effectiveness of treatments and prevent resistance to treatment
4) swiss cheese defense
Chain of Infection
the transmission pattern by which in infectious disease is passed from person to person
Physical Environment
unaltered (natural), altered (added chemicals and biological products), and built (human-made)
4 Approaches to Address Complex Interactions Between Humans and Physical Environment
1) risk assessment
2) public health assessment
3) ecological assessment
4) interaction analysis
Sociological Imagination
Mills, 1959
distinguishes between personal and public issues
Social Determinants of Health
- social status (race/ethnicity, sex/gender)
- social support/alienation
- food
- housing
- education
- work
- stress
- transportation
- place
- access to health services
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
the position of individuals within a socially stratified system that differently distributes socioeconomic resources (education, occupation, income) that people need to obtain desired outcomes/goals
Social Class
defined by the degree of possession of 3 types of capital (economic, cultural, and social)
Race
classification of humans into one of several subpopulations distinguished by perceived common physical characteristics
Ethnicity
perceived common ancestry, history, and cultural practices
Types of Racism
Cultural: racist beliefs, attitudes, stereotypes ingrained in a culture
Institutional: institutional mechanisms/processes can manifest as discriminatory policies and practices
Interpersonal: experienced in everyday interactions with others (overt, unintended, microaggressions)
Culture as a Determinant of Health
affects perceptions of health, illness, death, beliefs about the causes of disease, approaches to health promotion, how illness and pain are experienced and expressed, where patents seek health, and the type of treatment patients prefer
How Culture Can Affect Health
Behavior: social practices may put individuals and groups at increased/reduced risk
Response to symptoms (level of urgency) to recognize symptoms, seek care, communicate symptoms
Types of interventions that people find acceptable
Response to disease and to interventions
Stress
life events, chronic strains, daily hassles
Social Support
important means to prevent &/or buffer effects of stress
Self-Efficacy
sense of having control over one’s life
Theory
a set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that explain/predict events/situations by specifying relations among variables
Model
a combination of ideas & concepts taken from multiple theories and applied to specific problems in specific settings
Health Belief Model
intrapersonal model focuses on individuals’ perceptions and thought processes prior to taking health-related action
Transtheoretical Model
behavior change is a process
1) Precontemplation: no intention to change yet
2) Contemplation: aware of benefits of changing
3) Preparation: decides to change and planned actions to do so
4) Action: actual behavior change/modification
5) Maintenance: change achieved but must strive to prevent relapse
Theory of Planned Behavior
intention is the main predictor of behavior
behavior intention is influenced by
- individual’s attitude toward performing a behavior
- their beliefs about whether people important to him/her approve/disapprove of the behavior (subjective norms)
- their beliefs about their control over performing the behavior
Social Cognitive Theory
interaction between individuals and their social systems
- individual characteristics
- influences in the social and physical environment
- interaction among all these factors
Ecological Model
5 levels of influence that determine health-related behavior
1) intrapersonal: psychology
2) interpersonal: family, friends, coworkers
3) institutional: school, workplace
4) community: churches, community organizations
5) public policy: government regulations
Fundamental Cause Theory
SES and race-ethnic disparities
Resources:
- knowledge
- money
- power
- prestige
- beneficial social connections
Extents:
- avoid risk
- adopt protective strategies
to reduce morbidity and mortality
Diffusion of Innovation Theory
A population and community level model that shows how a new idea, product, or social practice is disseminated and adopted in a population
affected by:
- relative advantage
- compatibility (values/needs of audience)
- complexity (easy to understand and use)
- trialability (can be tried before adopting)
- observability (results observable and measurable)
