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Comparative Politics > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothesis

A

an argument that links cause to effect; a specific proposed explanation for why an outcome occurs
- includes causal relationship
- testable and falsifiable

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2
Q

Independent Variable

A

the one that we expect to change the value of the dependent variable (X)
- CAUSE

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3
Q

Dependent Variable

A

the one we expect to have its value altered by the independent variable (Y)
- EFFECT

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4
Q

Most Similar Systems Design

A

identify key features that are different among similar cases
- method of difference

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5
Q

Most Different Systems Design (MDSD)

A

cases in which the outcomes doesn’t vary across different cases
- goal is to identify what these different cases have in common
- method of agreement

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6
Q

Quantitative Research

A

Study through statistical data from many cases; excel in testing whether patterns are generalizable
- breadth over depth

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7
Q

Qualitative Research

A

study through in-depth investigation of a limited number of cases; excel in detail-oriented theory development
- depth over breadth

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8
Q

Institutions

A

Structure/mechanism of social order and cooperation governing the behavior of a set of individuals within a given community

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9
Q

Endogeneity

A

The issue that cause and effect are not often clear, in that variables may be both cause and effect in relationship to one another

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10
Q

State

A

A human community that claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory
- has territory, institutions, clear membership rules

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11
Q

Regime

A

the fundamental rules and norms of politics, embodying long-term goals regarding individual freedom and collective equality

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12
Q

Government

A

the set of people who run the state or have the authority to act on behalf of the state at a particular point in time

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13
Q

Sovereignty

A

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

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14
Q

State Strength (Fukuyama)

A

The ability and capacity of a state to
- plan and execute policy
- administer public business with relative efficiency
- control corruption and bribery
- enforce laws

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15
Q

State Scope (Fukuyama)

A
  • the goals and functions that a state takes on in the first place
  • the range of activities that a state carries out
    Ex: The U.S. has a limited state scope in terms of healthcare compared to Western European countries
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16
Q

Head of State/Head of Government

A

Representative of a nation

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17
Q

Modern International State System

A

territory is
- consolidated
- unified
- centralized
- under a sovereign government

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18
Q

State Making Through Marriage

A

states made by the marriage of the prince/princess/heir to both

19
Q

State Making Through Wars

A

states made after wars
Ex: Germany and Austria-Hungary before WW1 and after WW2

20
Q

The Peace of Westphalia

A

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years’ War in 1648
- the emergence of sovereignty
- kings recognize each other

21
Q

Fragile States Index

A

Measures a state’s ability to handle normal pressures and how those pressures affect their capacity to do so

22
Q

Federalism - Federal States

A

a system in which significant state powers, such as taxation and security are devolved into regional/local bodies

23
Q

Asymmetric Federalism

A

a system in which power is divided unevenly among regional bodies
Ex: Spain

24
Q

Unitary States

A

a system in which most political power exists at the national level with limited local authority; central government possess sovereignty and subnational governments are subordinated to the central government
- central government makes most significant policy

Ex: France, UK, Japan, Turkey, Germany

25
Q

Decentralization/Devolution

A

a process in which political power is “sent down”to lower levels of state and government

Ex: the UK

26
Q

Dual Federalism

A

national and state governments operate independently and each level of government acts autonomously

Ex: The U.S.

27
Q

Cooperative Federalism

A

there’s more cooperation between central and state governments, overall leadership of central government, and try to find which level of government is more appropriate to deal with a certain issue

Ex: Germany

28
Q

Nation

A

A group thought of as sovereign and equal, comprised of a large, bounded population; a group of people bound together by a common political identity

29
Q

Nationalism

A

Belief that the nation has a unique, sovereign political destiny

30
Q

(1) Nation Building In States Already Created

A

States develop national identities to become more legitimate (public education, traditions, conscriptions)
- solid states, weak nations (Ex: France, Spain)
- large influx of immigrants (Ex: USA, Argentina, Canada)

31
Q

(2) Xenophobic Nationalism In Nation-States

A

Against foreigners and immigrants
- ride of extreme far-right parties in Europe
Ex: Europe’s far-right

32
Q

(3) Irredentism

A

Seeks to create a greater nation that exists beyond the limits of an already existing political unit
Ex: Greater Serbia

33
Q

(4) Nationalism Seeking Autonomy

A

Seeking to reform the political system of a state to give more autonomy to a national minority
Ex: Quebec seeking autonomy from Canada

34
Q

(5) Nationalism Seeking Independence

A

Seeking independence for a national minority locked within another nation
Ex: Catalonia seeking independence from Spain/Scotland’s independence from the UK

35
Q

The state is the machinery of politics and the ________ operates that machinery

A

government

36
Q

Constructivist View of the Nation

A

Imagined Communities by Benedict Anderson (1983)

Print culture is the main element in the creation of these communities

37
Q

Communities are both ______ and ______

A

imagined and real

38
Q

Challenge 1: large number of variables

A

what to control and can all of them be controlled?

39
Q

Challenge 2: controlling the interaction of variables (multicausality)

A

difficult to identify

40
Q

Challenge 3: limited number of cases to research

A

limited by the number of countries in the world and is hard to find a perfect pair for comparison

41
Q

Challenge 4: limited access to information from cases

A

need time, effort, money, and luck
Ex: North Korea and authoritarian regimes

42
Q

Challenge 5: uneven research across cases and religions

A

language, resource availability, etc.

43
Q

Challenge 6: cases selected on the basis of effect and not cause

A

Selection Bias

cannot falsify our hypothesis
Ex: to test a relationship between the civic culture and democratization, one might only look at democratized countries

44
Q

Challenge 7: variables may be either cause or effect (endogeneity)

A

Cannot tell if one causes the other or the reverse is true
Ex: a relationship between economic development and democracy

Comparative Politics (3 decks)

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