Public health (in spine)

Question 1

Public health def

Answer 1

Public health = The science and art of promoting and protecting health and wellbeing,preventing ill-health and prolonging life through the organised efforts of scoiety.

Question 2

How is public health used in action

Answer 2

• Improvement in industrialised countries over the last two centuries can be attributed to advances in public health
• The science of public health is concerned with diagnosis of population’s health problems, establishing the causes and effects of those problems, and determining effective interventions.
• The art of public health is to create and use opportunities to implement effective solutions to population health and health care problems.
• Preventing poor health and wellbeing, alongside improving and protecting the health of the public.
• Prevention essential in tackling the prevalence of long-term chronic conditions, which now account for 70% of health and social care spending in England.
• Preventative interventions that encourage and enable positive behaviour change are important components e.g. 80% of premature heart attacks and strokes, 75% of type 2 diabetes and 40% of cancers can be avoided through changing health-related behaviours.

Question 3

What is the role of medicine

Answer 3

“The aim of medicine is to prevent disease and prolong life; the ideal of medicine is to eliminate the need of a physician.”

Question 4

DOmains of aciton in public health

Answer 4

Question 5

Clinical Epidemiology

Answer 5

• This involves using diagnostic tests efficiently, weighing up the benefits, risks and costs of treatments, and understanding the natural history of patients’ diseases. i.e. stroke
• Doctors can practise medicine more effectively, despite clinical uncertainty, by applying public health skills such as critical appraisal to their decision-making.

Question 6

Sruveillance of communicable diseases

Answer 6

• Notifiable diseases
• Lab data
• National info
• NHS colleagues
• Schools, unis, nurseries
• Industry
• General public

Question 7

Public health in england strategic plan 2016

Answer 7

Question 8

Public health priorities in the UK 2020

Answer 8

1. Creating a smoke free society
2. Tackling obesity, particularly among children
3. Reduce air pollution
4. Promote good mental health and prevent mental ill health
5. Ensuring every child has the best start in life
6. Enhance response to major incidence such as pandemic influenza
7. Tackling the growth in antimicrobial resistance
8. Use technology to improve personalized health care
9. Use technology to improve disease surveillance
10. A new national science campus with state-of-the-art facilities at

PHE Harlow

Question 9

PHE - the organisation

Answer 9

• Public health England, Est 2013
• to bring together public heslth specislists from ltos organisation into single public health service
• Worked with national and local government, industry and the NHS to protect and improve the nations health and support healther choices
• Adressses inequalities by focusing on removing barriers to good health
• Oct1dt PH end and term inequalities replaced. The office for health improvement and disparities (to be part DHSC) and the UK health security agency (new exec of DHSC).

Question 10

Def of Health inequalities

Answer 10

• Existing gross inequality in the health status of the people partiuclarly between developed and developing countries is politically, socially and economoically unacceptable.

Question 11

The kings fund - Partnership, planning and health in all policies support evidence based and practical action

Answer 11

Question 12

Social Determinents of health

Answer 12

Question 13

4 major categories of non-communicable diseases (NCDs)

Answer 13

Question 14

Behaviours that are detrimental to health are still prevalent

Answer 14

Question 15

Costs for the NHS: GP visit, A&E attendance, ambulance journey, inpatient

Answer 15

• £30 GP visit
• £124 A&E attendance
• £250 Ambuance journey to hospital
• £2,746 inpaitent stay in hospital per week

Question 16

High risk vs population wide approach to disease prevention

Answer 16

• Lets make sure evryrone high risk gets intervention - even tho the RFs might not materialise into the problem
• Pop- if we get everyone to do these then we rdecrease the risk by default

Question 17

Key indicators for health

Answer 17

• Life expectancy (increased 1980-2014)
• Healthy life expectancy (increased 1980-2014) / Disability adjusted life years
• Morbidity
• mortality

Question 18

Has life expectancy in the UK stopped rising?

Answer 18

• For boys born in 2012 to 2014, life expectancy at birth was highest in the Southeast (80.5 years) and lowest in the Northeast (78.0 years).
• For girls born in this period, the highest life expectancy was in London (84.2 years), while the lowest was also in the Northeast (81.7 years).

Question 19

5countries where a woman is most likely to die in given pregnancy are

Answer 19

• Sierra leone
• Central African republic
• Chad
• nigeria
• South sudan
• Average rate in the European Union is 8 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.
• In some countries such as Poland, Greece, Finland and Sweden, the rate is even lower at 3 to 4 per 100,000.
• In Sierra Leone 1360 deaths per 100,000 live births, around 1-in-75 pregnancies ends in the death of the mother.