Public Health (Gastrointestinal)

Question 1

What cancers can obesity increase the risk of?

Answer 1

Oesophageal cancer, stomach cancer and colorectal cancer.

Question 2

What could causecancer in the endometrium and breast?

Answer 2

Hyperoestrogenaemia from aromatase.

Question 3

What could cause cancer in the pancreas, kidneys and colorectum?

Answer 3

Inflammation and other growth factors.

Question 4

What could be causing oesophageal and gallbladder cancer?

Answer 4

Tissue damage from acid reflux and tissue damage from gallstones.

Question 5

At what age do levels of obesity decline?

Answer 5

From 75 years onwards.

Question 6

What syndrome gives people an increased risk of colorectal cancer, especially if they are overweight?

Answer 6

Lynch syndrome

Question 7

What are the factors in the Dahlgren and Whitehead model that cause eating behaviour?

Answer 7

Age, sex and hereditary factors, individual lifestyle factors, social and community influences, living and working conditions, general socioeconomic, cultural and environmental conditions.

Question 8

What are the sociological influences on eating behaviour?

Answer 8

Gender, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, income, education, marital status.

Question 9

What is the max amount of red and processed meat that someone should be eating per day?

Answer 9

70g.

Question 10

How much oil rich fish should someone be eating per week?

Answer 10

One potion (140g).

Question 11

What percentage of total dietary energy should free sugars make up?

Answer 11

5%.

Question 12

How much dietary fibre should people consume per day?

Answer 12

30g.

Question 13

What are the determinants of food choice in low income households that means they often eat unhealthily?

Answer 13

Fewer car owners, poorer housing (food storage and prep), less education, unemployment (less money), lower social class of father (poor food habits cross generations).

Question 14

How much of an effect does education have on dietary change?

Answer 14

Minimal.

Question 15

What are the immediate symptoms and long term complications of poor adherence with a gluten free diet?

Answer 15

Immediate symptoms: steatorrhea, abdominal pain, lethargy.

Long term complications: osteoporosis, infertility.

Question 16

What are the individual factors that can affect adherence to a gluten free diet?

Answer 16

Knowledge, understanding and info about CD and GF diet. Diet planning and preparation skills. Motivation. Stigmatisation and isolation. Symptoms.

Question 17

What are the external factors that can affect adherence to a gluten free diet?

Answer 17

Health professional’s and society’s knowledge about CD and GF diet. Cost, availability and choice of GFF. Food labelling. Prescribed GFF, taste of GFF, social support (membership of society).

Question 18

What makes it difficult for someone to change their diet?

Answer 18

1. Positive reinforcers exist in the habits that require to be changed.
2. New behaviours may have initial adverse effects on well-being.
3. Threat of disease less salient than immediate enjoyment.
4. Lack of positive feedback from improvements in symptoms.

Question 19

What can a doctor do to help people to change their lifestyle?

Answer 19

Signpost, brief intervention, provide written advice, refer to dietitian or other health professionals for guidance.