Public Health facts Flashcards
What year did the cholera outbreak occur?
1831
Who became interested in sanitation problems in 1832?
Chadwick
What did Chadwick believe would improve health?
Drainage and ventilation
What did Robert Baker’s report reveal about Leeds?
19 streets didn’t have sewers
In what year did Snow encounter cholera for the first time?
1832
What significant act was passed in 1834 regarding the poor?
Poor Law Amendment Act
What was the stigma associated with the Poor Law Amendment Act?
Poor people could only receive help if they went to a workhouse
What years did cholera outbreaks occur in the 1830s?
1837 and 1838
What attitude prevailed in the 1840s regarding public health?
Laissez Faire attitude
What did Chadwick publish in 1842?
‘The Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population’
What was established by the Public Health Act of 1848?
Work of Chadwick and response to cholera outbreak
What were common issues in the 1850s?
Bad food, no access to doctors, diseases, laissez faire attitude, bad home and working conditions
What vaccine became compulsory in 1852?
Smallpox vaccine
What happened to the Board of Health in 1854?
It was disbanded
What did John Snow prove in 1854?
The link between water and cholera through statistical mapping
What event occurred in 1858 that highlighted sanitation issues?
The Great Stink
What act was passed in 1858 regarding sewage?
Act of Parliament for Bazalgette’s sewers
When did the construction of sewers begin?
1859
What theory did Pasteur publish in 1861?
Germ Theory
What did the Sanitary Act of 1866 establish?
Employment of medical inspectors to check water supply and drainage
What was the impact of cholera outbreaks on public health improvements?
Least effects town making improvement in public health
What significant change occurred in 1867 regarding voting?
Working class men got the vote
What was mandated for local authorities in 1870?
Every local authority had to set up schools
What act was passed in 1871 regarding vaccinations?
Mandatory Smallpox vaccines
How many councils had a Medical Officer of Health by 1872?
50 councils
When was Bazalgette’s sewer completed?
1875
What did the Public Health Act of 1875 ensure?
Clean water, proper rubbish and sewage disposal, safe food
What did the Artisans Dwelling Act allow?
Power to demolish slum housing
What did the Food and Drug Act address?
Regulation of food and drug safety
What did the River Pollution Prevention Act of 1876 make illegal?
Factories putting waste and chemicals into rivers
What trend began in 1881 regarding infant mortality?
Started to increase
What did the Infectious Disease (Notification) Act of 1889 require?
Households in London had to report infectious diseases to Medical Health Officer
What significant change occurred in the 1890s regarding government attitude?
Start of the end of ‘Laissez-faire’ attitude
What hospital opened in 1897 to cope with infectious diseases?
Park hospital
What did the national Infectious Disease (Notification) Act of 1899 require?
Households had to report infectious diseases to Medical Health Officer
What was the state of public services in the 1900s?
Water, lighting, and paving were in the hands of private companies
What was the poverty rate according to Rowntree’s 1901 study?
30% living under the poverty line
What reforms were introduced between 1906-1911?
Liberal Reforms
What did the Liberals promise in the 1906 general election?
Change
How many children received Free School Meals in 1906?
158,000 children
What did the Free School Medical Inspections of 1907 provide?
Free compulsory medical check-ups
What did the Children and Young Person Act of 1908 establish?
Children became protected by law
What was introduced in 1908 regarding old age pensions?
Old Age Pension Act
What benefits did the Old Age Pension Act provide?
5s a week for those over 70, 7s 6d for a married couple
What did the National Insurance Act 1 of 1911 provide?
Sickness benefits of 10s for 13 weeks
What did National Insurance Act 2 of 1911 provide for the unemployed?
Benefits (dole) of 7s 6d a week
What was established in 1912 to provide medical treatment?
School Clinics
What was the state of unemployment in the 1930s?
High unemployment, not covered by National Insurance
What did the Beveridge Report of 1942 address?
Five giants: squalor, want, disease, idleness, ignorance
What significant event occurred in 1945?
Labour won the general election
What did the National Insurance Act of 1946 provide?
Old age pension, maternity benefits, and payments to the sick and unemployed
What was established in 1948?
NHS
How many prescriptions were provided by the NHS in 1948-49?
187,000,000 prescriptions
