Public Health Education in PHC Flashcards
Dr. Ogbo
Mention 5 examples of public health education.
- Lectures
- Workshops
- Seminars
- Courses
- Classes
Define health education.
Public Health Education is the process of empowering individuals and communities to take action for their health and well-being. It involves disseminating information, fostering health literacy, and encouraging healthy behaviours.
Werner & Bower, 1982: A startegy to help the poor and powerless gain greater control over their health and lives.
Green, 1980: Any combination of learning experiences designed to facilitate voluntary adaptations of behaviours conducive to health.
Simonds, 1976: A startegy aimed ar bringing about behavioural changes in individuals, groups and larger populations from behaviours detrimental to health to behaviours conducive to present and future health.
What are the objectives of health education?
- Prevention: educate individuals on measures to prevent illness.
- Empowerment: empower communities to make informed decisions about their own health
- Promotion of healthy lifestyles: encourage behaviours that contribute to a healthy lifestyle
PEP
What are the characteristics of health education?
- Participation of the target population
- Planned learning activities that increase participants’ knowledge and skills
- Implementation of programs with integrated and well-planned curricula, and materials that take place in a setting convinient for participants
- Presentation of information with audiovisual and computer-based supports
- Ensuring proficiency of program staff, through training, to maintain fidelity of the program model
What considerations should be made when implementing health education?
- Health education activities should enhance the overall goal of the health promotion and disease prevention program.
- Materials developed for health education programs must be culturally appropriate and tailored to the target populations (addressing cultural and languistic differences)
Health Education can be applied at all three levels of disease prevention.
True or False
True.
Why is health education important?
- It is one strategy for implementing health promotion and disease prevention programs.
- It provides learning experiences on health topics.
- Health education strategies are tailored for their target population.
- It is an integral part of primary healthcare, which
emphasises comprehensive, accessible, community-based care. - It provides tools to build capacity and support behavior change in an appropriate setting.
What are health indicators?
Health indicators are defined as summary measures that capture relevant information on different attributes and dimensions of health status and performance of the health system.
Health indicators attempts to describe a monetary population’s health status..
What are the two ways of measuring health variables?
- By direct observation of individuals, e.g., measuring the BP of individuals; access to health services when need.
- By observation of population groups/ location-based observation.
What are positive health indicators?
Indicators are considered positive when they have a direct relationship with healthiness. The higher the indicator value, the better the state of health of the people in the population being studied. Examples:
-Life expectancy at birth
-Proportion of cured TB cases
-Vaccine coverage
What are negative health indicators?
Indicators are considered negative when they have an inverse relationship with healthiness. The higher the indicator value, the worse the state of health of the people in the population being studied.
Examples:
- Infant mortality rates
- Rate of incidence of AIDS
- Proportion of TB patients abandoning treatment.
Mention 5 characteristics of health indicators.
- Validity
- Reliability and objectivity
- Sensitivity
- Specificity
- Feasibility
- Relevance
Mention 10 types health indicators.
- Moratality indicators
- Morbidity indicators
- Disability rates
- Nutritional status indicators
- Healthcare delivery indicators
- Social and mental health indicators
- Environmental indicators
- Socio-economic indicators
- Health policy indicators
- Quality of life (QoL) indicators
- Utilisation rates
Mention 5 mortality indicators.
i. Crude death rate: The total number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people in a population
ii. Life expectancy at birth: The average number of years a newborn is expected to live based on current mortality rates.
iii. Infant mortality rate: The number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a year.
iv. Maternal mortality rate: The number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births due to pregnancy-related causes.
v. U-5 mortality rate (U5MR): The number of deaths of children under five years of age per 1,000 live births.
vi. Disease-specific mortality rate: The number of deaths from a specific disease per 100,000 people in a population.
vii. Proportional mortality rate: Ratio of death from a specific cause to all deaths in a time period within a population
Mention 5 morbidity indicators.
i. Incidence: the number of new cases of a disease occurring in a specific population during a defined time period.
ii. Prevalence: the total number of existing cases (both new and old) of a disease in a population at a given time.
iii. Admission rate: the number of patients admitted to a healthcare facility (e.g., hospital) over a specific period, expressed as a proportion of the population
iv. Readmission rate: the proportion of patients readmitted to a healthcare facility within a specific timeframe after discharge
v. Discharge rate: the number of patients discharged (alive or deceased) from a healthcare facility within a given period, expressed as a proportion of the total population
vi. Notification rate: measures the frequency of reported cases of specific diseases or conditions to public health authorities within a given population and time frame.
vii. Attendance rate: measures the frequency of visits to outpatient departments (OPDs), health centers, or clinics, reflecting healthcare utilization within a population.
