Public Health Domains And Core Principles

Question 1

What is health protection

Answer 1

Protecting populations from a range of threats to their health
- communicable diseases
- environmental hazards

Question 2

Define outbreak

Answer 2

Occurrence of more diseases in a given time than expected

Question 3

What are the five steps of public health surveillance

Answer 3

Data collection
Data cleaning
Data analysis
Interpretation
Dissemination and public health action

Question 4

Where can surveillance information be collected from

Answer 4

Emergency departments
Hospital admissions
Mortality data
Surveys
GPs

Question 5

What are the 4 types of surveillance

Answer 5

Active
Passive
Sentinel
Syndromic

Question 6

What is active surveillance

Answer 6

Healthcare providers are asked to give details on cases they have seen

Question 7

What is passive surveillance

Answer 7

Ongoing routine collection of health data. It relies on healthcare providers. May be required by law eg for a notifiable disease

Question 8

What is sentinel surveillance

Answer 8

Reporting of health events by a sample of health providers who represent an area/group of people [can be active or passive]

Question 9

What is syndromic surveillance

Answer 9

Focuses on a pattern of symptoms [syndrome] rather than a lab conformed disease
Allows for early detection and response

Question 10

What is the aim, treatment and feedback of screening

Answer 10

Aim - detect a condition earlier than it would’ve been with usual care
Treatment - includes intention to treat
Feedback - feedback of individual results

Question 11

What is the aim, treatment and feedback for surveillance

Answer 11

Aim - quantify prevalence and analyse trends over time
Treatment - no formal links to treatment
Feedback - no feedback of an individuals results

Question 12

What are the 6 components of good healthcare

Answer 12

Patient centered
Effective
Efficient
Equitable
Timely
Safe

Question 13

Describe the 3 levels of healthcare

Answer 13

Primary - first point of call
Secondary - hospital based
Tertiary - highly specialised

Question 14

What level of healthcare would a pharmacist be

Answer 14

Primary

Question 15

What level of healthcare would a cancer unit be

Answer 15

Tertiary

Question 16

What level of health care would an A and E be

Answer 16

Secondary

Question 17

Describe donabedains framework for evaluating health care

Answer 17

Structure
- context, building, staff, equipment
Process
- activities and interactions eg wait times
Outcome
- effects, quality of life

Question 18

What is a clinical audit

Answer 18

An audit working to improve patient care and outcomes through comparing performance against predefined standards

Question 19

Describe the audit cycle

Answer 19

Identify audit topic
Set the standards
Collect data and monitor performance
Analyse date to identify divergence
Implement change

Question 20

What is health improvement

Answer 20

The process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health
- also known as health promotion

Question 21

What are the two core public health principles

Answer 21

Prevention and health equity

Question 22

What is primary prevention and what phase is it?

Answer 22

Removing risk factors or increasing resistance

In the no disease phase but still susceptible

Question 23

What is secondary prevention and what phase does it fall under

Answer 23

Screening for early detection and treatment

Preclinical phase
- when the pathology is asymptomatic

Question 24

What is tertiary prevention and what phase does it come under

Answer 24

Reducing complications and disability

Clinical phase when there has been an onset of symptoms

Question 25

What is the high risk strategy for prevention

Answer 25

Intervention that targets individuals at high risk in the population eg those with high blood pressure

Question 26

What is the mass or population strategy of prevention

Answer 26

Intervention that aims to reduce the health risks of the entire population.
It is the main focus of health improvement programs eg legislation to lower salt in packaged foods

Question 27

What are the determinants of health [from inside outwards]

Answer 27

Age sex and constitutional factors
Individual lifestyle factors
Social and community networks
Living and working conditions
General socioeconomic, cultural and environmental conditions

Question 28

What is the difference between contributory causes and determinants

Answer 28

Contributory causes - immediate causes of disease eg smoking
Determinants - underlying causes of causes eg what determines whether people smoke