Public Health Domains And Core Principles Flashcards
What is health protection
Protecting populations from a range of threats to their health
- communicable diseases
- environmental hazards
Define outbreak
Occurrence of more diseases in a given time than expected
What are the five steps of public health surveillance
Data collection
Data cleaning
Data analysis
Interpretation
Dissemination and public health action
Where can surveillance information be collected from
Emergency departments
Hospital admissions
Mortality data
Surveys
GPs
What are the 4 types of surveillance
Active
Passive
Sentinel
Syndromic
What is active surveillance
Healthcare providers are asked to give details on cases they have seen
What is passive surveillance
Ongoing routine collection of health data. It relies on healthcare providers. May be required by law eg for a notifiable disease
What is sentinel surveillance
Reporting of health events by a sample of health providers who represent an area/group of people [can be active or passive]
What is syndromic surveillance
Focuses on a pattern of symptoms [syndrome] rather than a lab conformed disease
Allows for early detection and response
What is the aim, treatment and feedback of screening
Aim - detect a condition earlier than it would’ve been with usual care
Treatment - includes intention to treat
Feedback - feedback of individual results
What is the aim, treatment and feedback for surveillance
Aim - quantify prevalence and analyse trends over time
Treatment - no formal links to treatment
Feedback - no feedback of an individuals results
What are the 6 components of good healthcare
Patient centered
Effective
Efficient
Equitable
Timely
Safe
Describe the 3 levels of healthcare
Primary - first point of call
Secondary - hospital based
Tertiary - highly specialised
What level of healthcare would a pharmacist be
Primary
What level of healthcare would a cancer unit be
Tertiary
What level of health care would an A and E be
Secondary
Describe donabedains framework for evaluating health care
Structure
- context, building, staff, equipment
Process
- activities and interactions eg wait times
Outcome
- effects, quality of life
What is a clinical audit
An audit working to improve patient care and outcomes through comparing performance against predefined standards
Describe the audit cycle
Identify audit topic
Set the standards
Collect data and monitor performance
Analyse date to identify divergence
Implement change
What is health improvement
The process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health
- also known as health promotion
What are the two core public health principles
Prevention and health equity
What is primary prevention and what phase is it?
Removing risk factors or increasing resistance
In the no disease phase but still susceptible
What is secondary prevention and what phase does it fall under
Screening for early detection and treatment
Preclinical phase
- when the pathology is asymptomatic
What is tertiary prevention and what phase does it come under
Reducing complications and disability
Clinical phase when there has been an onset of symptoms
What is the high risk strategy for prevention
Intervention that targets individuals at high risk in the population eg those with high blood pressure
What is the mass or population strategy of prevention
Intervention that aims to reduce the health risks of the entire population.
It is the main focus of health improvement programs eg legislation to lower salt in packaged foods
What are the determinants of health [from inside outwards]
Age sex and constitutional factors
Individual lifestyle factors
Social and community networks
Living and working conditions
General socioeconomic, cultural and environmental conditions
What is the difference between contributory causes and determinants
Contributory causes - immediate causes of disease eg smoking
Determinants - underlying causes of causes eg what determines whether people smoke
