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Cardiovascular > Public Health (Cardiovascular) > Flashcards

Public Health (Cardiovascular) Flashcards

1
Q

Is incidence of coronary heart disease increasing or decreasing?

A

Decreasing.

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2
Q

What is thought to be the biggest reason for the decline in CHD?

A

Decline in smoking rates

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3
Q

Has CHD decreased more in more deprived areas or less deprived areas?

A

Less deprived areas.

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4
Q

Define primary, secondary and tertiary prevention in managing CVD risk factors?

A

Primary: reduce incidence in popn.
Secondary: detection and treatment of pre-symptomatic disease.
Tertiary: reducing incidence/recurrences of chronic incapacity among those with symptomatic disease.

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5
Q

What is the difference between systematic reviews and guidelines?

A

Systematic reviews: all trials on a specific treatment.

Guidelines: review large body of evidence, synthesis evidence with clinical experience.

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6
Q

How are the guidelines produced?

A

A group of experts look at systematic reviews, primary papers and their own clinical experience. They come up with a consensus on management.

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7
Q

What are risk scores useful in?

A

Assessing or estimating risk and in prioritising treatment on an equitable basis.

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8
Q

What individuals are given higher priority clinically in prevention of CVD and why?

A

High risk individuals, they have the most to gain from risk factor modification.

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9
Q

When should asymptomatic individuals be considered high risk for CVD?

A

If they are assessed as having 20% or higher risk of a first cardiovascular event within ten years.

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10
Q

Is antiplatelet therapy recommended for primary prevention?

A

No.

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11
Q

Give some examples of place-based population interventions.

A

Planning, licensing, marketing, active transport (no idea what she means by this), health workplace, schools etc.

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12
Q

Give some examples of national action and population interventions.

A

Political, legislative, commercial, partnership.

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13
Q

What is the best way to reduce healthcare inequlities?

A

Policy.

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14
Q

Give 2 examples of initiatives to help increase healthy eating?

A
  1. Healthyliving award. 2. Community food and health Scotland.
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15
Q

What report is designed to advise policy makers on physical activity?

A

Start active, stay active.

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16
Q

What document tells pregnant women how they can exercise?

A

The physical activity for pregnancy document.

17
Q

Why is alcohol buying from off-trade worse than on-trade?

A

It is cheaper and people can drink at home unsupervised.

18
Q

What are the most effective strategies for decreasing alcohol consumption?

A

Targeting marketing, availability and affordability.

19
Q

Why are there challenges in determining the effect of a public health intervention?

A

It is difficult to design studies which evaluate entire cities/regions/countries, there are unreasonable expectations about speed of change, behaviour change is often erratic or slow, impact of upstream influences e.g. policy.

20
Q

Give 2 examples of secondary prevention of CVD?

A

NHS diabetic eye screening programme and NHS abdominal aortic aneurysm screening.

21
Q

How often can diabetics get their eyes screened on the NHS?

A

Yearly for people with diabetes aged 12 or over.

22
Q

At what age are men screened for an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A

65.

23
Q

What are the sizes of small, medium and large AAAs?

A

Small: 3-4.4cm. Medium: 4.5-5.4cm. Large: >5.5.

24
Q

What are the treatment plans for the different sizes of AAAs?

A

Small: repeat scan yearly. Medium: repeat scan every 3 months. Large: referral to vascular surgery to discuss options.

25
Q

Why are men given lots of information before deciding whether to get screened for an AAA or not?

A

The surgery contains risks.

26
Q

What tertiary prevention is there for CVD?

A

Specialist commissioning of tertiary care services (equality of access across Scotland).

Cardiovascular (32 decks)

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