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Cardiovascular > Embryology and Histology (Cardiovascular) > Flashcards

Embryology and Histology (Cardiovascular) Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the primary heart field found in a 3 week old embryo?

A

In the visceral mesoderm, cranial to the developing neural tube.

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2
Q

What 2 foldings have to occur for the heart to reach its final position?

A

Lateral folding and cranio-caudal folding.

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3
Q

In the embryonic heart tube, what are the orders of each of these regions from caudal to cranial: ventricle, atrium, truncus arteriosus, sinus venosus, bulbus cordis?

A

Sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, bulbus cordis, truncus arteriosus.

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4
Q

How many dilatations does the heart tube develop and what do these then develop into?

A

5, the adult heart structures.

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5
Q

What is the sinus venosus composed of and what will it develop into?

A

Right and left horns. The smooth part of the right atrium and the coronary sinus.

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6
Q

What will the atrium and the ventricle develop into?

A

Atrium: trabeculated part of both atria. Ventricle: trabeculated part of left ventricle.

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7
Q

What will the bulbus cordis develop into?

A

Trabeculated part of right ventricle, outflow part of both ventricles.

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8
Q

What will the truncus arteriosus develop into?

A

The aorta and pulmonary trunk.

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9
Q

On what day does the heart begin to loop and fold?

A

23.

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10
Q

Where do the atrium, ventricle and bulbus cordis move on day 23?

A

Atrium: dorsal and cranial. Ventricle: displaced left. Bulbus cordis: inferiorly, ventrally to the right.

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11
Q

How many pairs of aortic arches are there?

A

6 pairs.

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12
Q

What are the aortic arches associated with?

A

The pharyngeal arches.

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13
Q

What happen to aortic arches 1, 2 and 5?

A

1 and 2 are mostly obliterated. 5 is rudimentary or absent.

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14
Q

What do aortic arches 3, 4 and 6 develop into?

A

3 -> common carotid arteries and first part of internal carotid arteries. 4 -> right subclavian artery and part of aortic arch.
6 -> sprout branches that form pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus on left.

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15
Q

What veins supply the embryonic heart (before development of the sinus venosus)?

A

Common cardinal vein (composed of anterior and posterior cardinal veins), umbilical vein, and vitelline vein (all have left and right sides).

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16
Q

What 2 septa form the foramen ovale between the right and left atria?

A

The septum primum and septum secundum.

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17
Q

What do the vitelline veins drain in the embryo and what do they form in the adult?

A

Drains the yolk sac. Forms the portal venous system draining gut, the hepatic sinusoids and veins and the hepatic portion of the inferior vena cava.

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18
Q

What is the function of the umbilical veins in the embryo and what happens to them as the embryo develops?

A

Transport oxygenated blood from the placenta. The right degenerates and the left remains as the definitive umbilical vein.

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19
Q

What do the cardinal veins form?

A

The systemic venous system.

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20
Q

What is the function of the anterior cardinal veins in the embryo and what do they form?

A

Drain head and neck. Form jugular system, left brachiocephalic vein and the SVC.

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21
Q

What is the function of the posterior cardinal veins in the embryo and what do they form?

A

Drain trunk. Form azygous and hemiazygous systems (body wall drainage), gonadal and renal veins, iliac veins and IVC.

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22
Q

What is the tunica intima made of?

A

Single layer of squamous epithelium, basal lamina, thin layer of connective tissue.

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23
Q

What is the vasa vasorum?

A

The vascular supply of large blood vessels.

24
Q

Describe the adventitia of arterioles.

A

Almost no adventitia.

25
Q

What type of cells do capillaries often have at intervals just outside the basal lamina?

A

Pericytes (connective tissue cells with contractile properties).

26
Q

What makes up the network that connects small arterioles to postcapillary venules?

A

Metarterioles, thoroughfare channels and capillaries.

27
Q

What are precapillary sphincters?

A

Sphincters composed of smooth muscle at the beginning of the capillary help control flow through the network.

28
Q

What are postcapillary venules important sites for?

A

Exchange e.g. cells moving into the tissue in inflammation.

29
Q

When are blood vessels referred to as venules?

A

When they begin to acquire intermittent smooth muscle cells in a tunica media layer.

30
Q

What type of tunica adventitia do the largest veins (e.g. vena cava or hepatic portal vein) have?

A

Thick with bundles of longitudinally oriented smooth muscle.

31
Q

Why do veins contain most of the blood in the body?

A

They are flexible and can accomodate expansion.

32
Q

What are the valves in veins composed of?

A

Inward extension of the tunica intima.

33
Q

From inside the heart to outside the heart, describe the structure of the endocardium.

A

Endothelium -> basal lamina -> thin layer of collagen fibres -> layer of denser connective tissue.

34
Q

Where is subendocardium found and what does it contain?

A

In some areas, contains loose connective tissue containing small blood vessels, nerves and the branches of the impulse conducting system.

35
Q

What are individual cardiac muscle fibres surrounded by?

A

Delicate, collagenous connective tissue with a rich network of capillaries.

36
Q

What in the intercalated discs allow cells to attach and what allows spread of electrical activity?

A

Attach: desmosomes and fascia adherens. Electrical: gap junctions.

37
Q

From outside the heart to inside the heart, what is the structure of the epicardium?

A

Single layer of flattened epithelium (mesothelium), basal lamina, fibroelastic connective tissue (and in some places adipose tissue).

38
Q

What part of the epicardium are coronary arteries typically embedded in?

A

Considerable adipose tissue.

39
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium made up of?

A

Tough fibrocollagenous connective tissue.

40
Q

What is the serous pericardium made up of?

A

Layer of simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium), backed by basal lamina and connective tissue.

41
Q

What do the 2 mesothelial layers of the visceral and parietal serous pericardium produce?

A

Pericardial fluid that provides lubrication for heart movement.

42
Q

What is the function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

A

Supports the valves and provides attachment for the cardiac muscle fibres.

43
Q

What is the layer below the endothelium of the heart valves?

A

Layer of collagen and elastin fibres.

44
Q

What are the cores of the heart valves composed of?

A

Dense connective tissue (lamina fibrosa) that is in continuity with the fibrous skeleton.

45
Q

In the AV valves, what anchors the leaflets to the papillary muscles?

A

Collagenous strands called the chordae tendinae (merge with lamina fibrosa).

46
Q

Are there any blood vessels in the valves?

A

No.

47
Q

What are the 3 types of cardiac muscle cells?

A

Contractile cells (99%), pacemaker cells, conducting cells.

48
Q

What is the size difference between pacemaker cells and myocytes and what are they embedded in?

A

They are considerable smaller and are embedded in a more extensive matrix of connective tissue.

49
Q

Why do pacemaker cells appear pale histologically?

A

Their organelles are pale.

50
Q

What are the internal structures like of pacemaker cells?

A

Have few myofibrils (irregularly arranges), little glycogen and no proper T-tubule system.

51
Q

What are the sizes of the purkinje fibres in relation to normal cardiac muscle cells?

A

They are larger.

52
Q

Describe the contents of purkinje fibres.

A

Have abundant glycogen, no T-tubules, no intercalated discs and sparse actin and myosin filaments (tend to be found at the periphery of the cells).

53
Q

What do purkinje fibres look like in histological sections?

A

Appear pale and often exhibit a very pale/clear centre.

54
Q

What produces flow in lymph vessels?

A

Smooth muscle in walls, hydrostatic pressure in tissue and compression of the vessels by voluntary muscle (valves prevent backflow).

55
Q

What are the 4 defects in the tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy and an overriding aorta (blood from both ventricles enters aorta).

Cardiovascular (32 decks)

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