Public health Flashcards
What are the three domains of public health?
- Health improvement
- Health protection
- Improving services
What is the difference between equality and equity?
Equality:
- Treating everyone the same, regardless of individual need
Equity:
- Treating people differently, based on individual need
- “What is fair and just”
What is meant by…
- Horizontal equity
- Vertical equity
- Horizontal equity = equal treatment for equal need
2. Vertical equity = unequal treatment for unequal need
Which factors influence health inequality?
PROGRESS
P - place of residence (rural, urban etc.) R - race/ethnicity O - occupation G - gender R - religion E - education S - socioeconomic status S - social capital/resources
What are the components of the Wilson and Junger criteria?
Disease:
- Common
- Natural history known
Test:
- Sensitive and specific
- Facilities for diagnosis and treatment available
Treatment:
- Effective
- Psychological and physical harm low
What is meant by…
- Specificity
- Sensitivity
Sensitivity = the proportion of people with the disease who are correctly identified by the test
Specificity = the proportion of people without the disease who are correctly excluded by the test (think SPecificity = SPout/without
What is meant by…
- Primary prevention
- Secondary prevention
- Tertiary prevention
Give examples of each
Primary prevention:
- Preventing disease before it occurs
- Examples: education about healthy lifestyle, e.g. balanced diet, regular exercise, not smoking; immunisation
Secondary prevention:
- Reducing impact of disease that has already occurred
- Examples: screening; statins/aspirin following MI or stroke
Tertiary prevention:
- Preventing worsening symptoms/complications of disease
- Examples: rehabilitation programmes, e.g. cardiac/stroke
What are the stages of a health needs assessment?
- Planning
- Implementation
- Evaluation
Describe what is meant by ‘cohort study’
- COhort = PROspective
- Two populations (one exposed to certain risk factor vs. not exposed)
- Follow up over time to see whether they develop disease
Describe what is meant by ‘case-control study’
- Retrospective study
- Two populations (one with disease X vs. one without disease X)
- Identify differences in exposure
Describe what is meant by ‘cross-sectional study’
- Snapshot/one point in time
- Two populations (one with disease X vs. one without disease X)
- To find associations at that point in time
Which models of behaviour change do we need to know about?
- Health belief model
- Theory of planned behaviour
- Transtheoretical model
What are the components of the health belief model?
- Susceptibility to ill health
- Severity of ill health
- Benefits of behaviour change
- Barriers to behaviour change
What are the components of the theory of planned behaviour?
- Intention:
- Personal attitude
- Social norms
- Perceived behavioural control - Behaviour
What are the components of the transtheoretical model?
- Precontemplation
- Contemplation
- Preparation
- Action
- Maintenance (OR relapse, which can occur at any stage)
