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Phase 3a > Public Health > Flashcards

Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

3 ways Domestic abuse can impact on a patient’s health

A

Trauma
Psychological eg. PTSD
Somatic issues eg. headaches

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2
Q

How old do you need to be to be a victim of domestic abuse?

A

> 16

With someone who is/have been intimate partners

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3
Q

What are the 3 levels of risk of Domestic abuse?

A

Standard- unlikely
Medium
High- imminent risk of serious harm

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4
Q

How is low/ medium risk of domestic abuse managed?

A

Domestic abuse helplines eg. Helpline, National Helpline

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5
Q

How to manage someone at high risk of domestic abuse?

A

Refer to MARAC (Multi agency risk assessment conference)

Get an IDVA (Independent Domestic Violence Advocacy)

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6
Q

What does MARAC stand for?

A

Multi agency risk assessment conference

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7
Q

Name 4 determinants of health

A

Genetics
Environment
Lifestyle
Access to healthcare

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8
Q

Define equity

A

What is fair and just

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9
Q

Define horizontal equity

A

Equal treatment for equal need

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10
Q

Define vertical equity

A

Unequal treatment for unequal need

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11
Q

What are the two dimensions of health equity

A

Spatial (geographical)

Social (age. gender/ class/ ethnicity)

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12
Q

What are the 3 domains of public health?

A

Protection- eg. prevent infectious disease
Promotion- eg. Change 4life
Improving services

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13
Q

What 3 levels can a public health intervention be implemented

A

Individual
Community
Population

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14
Q

What are primary, secondary and tertiary intervention

A

Primary: Prevent from getting the disease
Secondary: Detect a disease early and stop it getting worse
Tertiary: Prevent complications of disease

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of health behaviour

A

Health behaviour- prevent disease
Sick role behaviour- aimed at getting better
Illness behaviour- aimed at seeking remedy

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16
Q

What is unrealistic optimism?

A

Practice health damaging behaviour due to inaccurate perceptions of risk and susceptibility eg. smoking and lung cancer

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17
Q

What are the 4 ways that Bradshaw described need?

A

Felt need- individual wants
Expressed need- vocalised need, what services are popular
Normative- Need set by experts eg. vaccination
Comparative- need in one location may be similar to that of others

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18
Q

What is a health needs assessment

A

A systematic method for reviewing health issues facing a population

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19
Q

What is the planning cycle involved in improving healthcare?

A

Needs assessment
planning
implementation
Evaluation

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20
Q

3 approaches to a health needs assessment

A

Epidemiological- look at the population- what’s the problem
Comparative- Compare services in different populations
Corporate- Input of professionals, patients, politicians

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21
Q

Negative of a epidemiological health needs assessment?

A

Lack of data
Poor data quality
Doesn’t include felt need

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22
Q

Negative of a comparative health needs assessment?

A

Lack of data

Difficult to find a comparable population

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23
Q

Negative of a corporate health needs assessment?

A

Vested interests
Political agenda
Can’t distinguish need and demand

24
Q

Levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of need

A 
Physical
Safety
Love and belonging
Esteem
Self acctualisation
25
4 barriers to healthcare
Access Knowledge Lack of integration of primary care and other services eg. prison Not a priority
26
What is a refugee
A person who has been granted refugee status
27
What rights do refugees have?
Same as UK citizens
28
What is family reunion for refugees?
1 spouse and any child <18 can come to UK
29
What are asylum seekers entitled to?
£35 per week NHS Housing If <18 then school
30
What can't asylum seekers do?
Claim other benefit | Work
31
Methods to counteract loneliness in the elderly
Dementia friends | Age UK
32
Give 3 models of behaviour change
``` Health belief model Theory of planned behaviour Transtheoretical model Social norms theory Motivational interviewing Nudging Financial incentives ```
33
What 4 things are key to the health belief model of behavioural change?
Believe susceptible to disease The disease has serious consequences Action reduces susceptibility The benefits of action outweighs the costs
34
Compare external and internal queues to change
Internal: from within eg. feel unwell External: eg. GP told you to
35
What is the theory of planned behaviour
Best predictor of behaviour is intention ``` Determined by: Attitude Subjective norms Perceived behavioural control Self efficacy ```
36
What makes up the evaluation of health services framework?
Structure- what is there eg. no. staff Process- what is done eg. no. patients seen Outcome- what is the result eg. 5 D's- death, disease, disability, discomfort, dissatisfaction
37
What are 6 of Maxwell's dimensions of quality?
``` Effectiveness Efficiency Equity Acceptability Accessibility Appropriateness ```
38
What is the prevention paradox?
Preventative measure, large benefit to population, small to the individual eg. wearing seatbelt, statins Statins: Over 5 years, 100 needs to take them to prevent 1 having a heart attack
39
How does cocaine work?
Blocks reuptake of mood enhancing neurotransmitters at the synapse (serotinin, dopamine)
40
3 causes of visual loss?
Cataracts, age related macular degeneration (Black spot in middle of image), glaucoma (tunnel vision), diabetic retinopathy (loose spots of vision), hemianopia
41
Give 5 types of medical error
``` Sloth- didn’t bother Fixation Loss of perspective Communication breakdown Poor teamwork Playing the odds- choose common over rare condition Bravado- working beyond your competence Ignorance Lack of skill- not properly trained in role Mistriage System error ```
42
What is intuitive thinking? Give some errors of it
Intutive thinking= fast, automatic, no conscious reasoning Error of over-attachment eg. to a particular diagnosis Error due to inherited thinking eg. if at back of triage queue they are less important Failure to consider alternative error- don't consider other tests Error in prevalence perception eg. think something is rarer than it is
43
What are heuristics?
Cognitive shortcuts | Prone to bias
44
What is dual process theory?
Use intuitive + analytical thinking
45
Define epigenetics
Non genetic influences on gene expression/ interaction of genes and environment
46
Define allostasis
Stablility through change
47
Define allostatic load
Accumulation of stresses of everyday life
48
Risk assessment tool for domestic abuse
DASH Domestic Abuse, Stalking, Harassment and Honour based abuse Standard/medium/high Qs such as are you frightened
49
Principles of the NHS
Free at point of use, meet needs of everyone, based on clinical need not ability to pay
50
3 transition points where interventions are more effective?
Leaving school Entering the workforce Becoming a parent
51
Why may breast milk prevent obesity/ overfeeding?
It contains leptin
52
What is Heinrich's triangle theory?
``` Unsafe acts Near misses Minor injury Lost time injury 1 fatality ```
53
What is lack of candour?
Hiding mistakes, altering records
54
What is Medical negligence?
Decided by a court case Doctor is found LIABLE not guilty Claim for damages eg. money
55
How to decide if there was medical negligence?
Was there a duty of care? 
eg. advice given Was it breached? dereliction (negligence or deviation from the standard of care)
 eg. would a reasonable doctor do the same (Bolam test), would it be reasonable of them to do so? (Bolitho) Did the patient come to harm? Damages Did the breach cause harm? >50% chance Direct cause

Phase 3a (2 decks)

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