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Phase 3a > Paediatrics > Flashcards

Paediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

What is considered a neonate?

A

Up to one month

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2
Q

What % dehydration is considered mild, moderate and severe?

A

Mild 3-5
Moderate 6-9
Severe >10

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3
Q

Patient with asthma comes in with difficulty breathing, O2 sats are 94%- what is their diagnosis?

A

Moderate acute asthma (as sats >92)

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4
Q

Patient with asthma comes in with difficulty breathing, increased RR and HR, O2 sats are 91%- what is their diagnosis?

A

Severe acute asthma

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5
Q

Give 5 features of life threatening acute asthma?

A 
<92%
Silent chest
Cyanosis
Poor respiratory effort
Arrhythmia
Exhaustion
Altered consciousness
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6
Q

What is the blood gas/ electrolyte picture in a child with pyloric stenosis?

A

Hypokalemic, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis (Raised pH, raised CO2 (compensation), raised bicarb, high base excess)

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7
Q

How to treat an acute exacerbation of asthma?

A

1) High flow oxygen (aim for sats of 94-98)
2) Neb SABA (Salbutamol)
3) Neb Ipratropium Bromide
4) Magnesium sulphate
5) Oral pred
- – Transport to PICU—
6) IV salbutamol
7) Aminophylline

Listen to lungs every hour until clear for 4 hours

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8
Q

After acute exacerbation what medication should patients be put on?

A

Send home with 3 days oral prednisone

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9
Q

What age does pyloric stenosis typically present?

A

3-6 weeks

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10
Q

Diagnose pyloric stenosis?

A

Blood panel
Feed and palpate olive mass in the abdomen
US abdomen

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11
Q

Treat pyloric stenosis?

A

Rehydrate

Ramstedt’s pylomyotomy (cut through thickened muscle)

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12
Q

How to estimate a child’s weight?

A

(Age + 4) *2

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13
Q

What size is a fluid bolus in a child? In what cases is this different?

A

20mg/kg

10ml/kh: DKA, trauma, heart failure

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14
Q

4 causes of wheeze in a child?

A

Asthma, bronchiolitis, viral induced wheeze, pneumonia

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15
Q

Treat someone with anaphylaxis?

A 
ABCDE
IM adrenaline
IV hydrocortisone 
IV fluids
IV Chlorphenamine (antihistamine)
Oral antihistamines
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16
Q

Causative organism for bronchiolitis

A

RSV

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17
Q

What antibiotic to treat pertussis

A

Macrolide eg. Clarythromycin

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18
Q

Most common mutation in CF?

A

CTFR gene on chromosome 7

ΔF508

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19
Q

What is the difference between a phoria and a tropia?

A

Phoria: there all the time
Tropia: Only apparent when one eye covered

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20
Q

Treat biliary atresia?

A

Kasai procedure

Many end up with liver transplant

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21
Q

Signs of hypothroid in a neonate

A

Puffy, jaundiced, floppy, protruding tounge

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22
Q

What is cretinism?

A

Uncorrected hypothyroid- leads to low IQ and short stature

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23
Q

What is chronic lung disease of prematurity/ bronchopulmonary dysplasia?

A

Oxygen requirements after 36 weeks

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24
Q

What is a Caput succedaneum?

A

Swelling of the head- crosses the sutures, caused by edema

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25
Q

What is cephalohaematoma?

A

Blood between skull and periosteum- doesn’t cross the sutures
Can cause jaundice

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26
Q

Treat hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy?

A

Therapeutic Hypothermia 33-35 degrees for 72 hours

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27
Q

Treat bacterial tonsillitis?

A

Pen V + ibuprophen

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28
Q

How many veins/ arteries are in the placenta?

A

2 arteries, 1 vein

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29
Q

2 causes of rash in a neonate

A

Erythema toxicum (reaction to air)
Herpes
Adams-Oliver syndrome

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30
Q

Complication of tonsillitis?

A

Peritonsillar abscess

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31
Q

2 symptoms and how to treat cows milk protein allergy?

A

Colic, Gord, blood in stool

Hydrolysed formula

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32
Q

What does TORCH stand for?

A 
Toxoplasmosis
Other (HIV, syphillis, varicella, fifth disease)
Rubella
CMV
Herpes
33
Q

Risk of varicella in first trimester of pregnancy?

A

Fetal scarring, abnormalities

34
Q

Treatment of varicella in first 2 weeks of life?

A

Risk of death!

Acyclovir

35
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of HSP?

A

Clinical diagnosis

Supportive
Monitor kidney function
NSAIDs for pain

36
Q

What is CHARGE syndrome?

A

Inherited genetic disorder

Coloboma
Heart defects
Atresia of the chonae (nasal change)
Retardation of growth/ development
Genital abnormality
Ear abnormality/ deafness
37
Q

What is VACTERYL association?

A

Related birth defects
50% with TOF have another abnormality

Vertebral anomalies
Anal atresia
Cardiovascular anomaly
TOF
Esophageal atresia
Renal abnormality
Limb defects
38
Q

What can those at high risk of bronchiolitis be given?

A

Palivuzimab- RSV vaccine

39
Q

Treat sickle cell?

A

Hydroxycarbamide- produce fetal haemoglobin

40
Q

What is included in the Centor criteria?

A 
Risk that tonsillitis is bacterial
Exudate
Cervical lymphadenopathy
No cough
Fever
41
Q

Antibiotic for meningococcal septicaemia?

A

Cefotaxime

42
Q

3 Main cause of meningitis in <3 months

A

GBC
Ecoli
Listeria
Herpes simplex

43
Q

3 main causes of meningitis in >3 months

A

Meningococcus, pneumococcus

44
Q

Difference in LP of someone with viral vs bacterial meningitis

A

Viral: Raised lymphocytes
Bacterial: Neutrophils, high protein, low glucose

45
Q

Main cause of osteomyelitis?

A

S. Aureus

46
Q

Antibiotic for sepsis in a child?

A

IV cefuroxime

47
Q

Treat ringworm?

A

Iraconazole

48
Q

Complication of measles?

A

Encephalitis

49
Q

Criteria for Kawasaki disease?

A 
Crash + burn
Conjunctivitus
Rash
Adenopathy
Strawberry tongue (mucosal involvement)
Hands (erythema)
Fever >5 days
50
Q

Treat Kawasaki disease?

A

IvIG

Aspirin

51
Q

Defect in Fragile X?

A

Aortic root dilation

52
Q

Can’t pass NG tube- what are you thinking?

A

Oesophagel atresia

53
Q

Finding on MRI in intersusseption?

A

Bullseye

54
Q

Treat intersusseption?

A

Air enema in the rectum

55
Q

What is imprinting?

A

Methylation to turn off genes

56
Q

What happens if there is imprinting of a) the paternal gene or b) the maternal gene on chromosome 15

A

a) Prader will

b) Angelman’s

57
Q

Symptoms of Angelman’s?

A

Inappropriate laughter, seizures, speech delay

58
Q

What is not produced properly in Duchenne?

A

Dystrophin

59
Q

What is meant by esophoria (latent)?

A

One eye drifts in but only when you cover the other one

60
Q

What is meant by exotropia (manifest)?

A

Can see misalignment- eye points out all of the time

61
Q

By what age should a baby not have a squint?

A

3 months

62
Q

How to diagnose a squint?

A

Corneal light reflex test
Manifest: Cover test- cover good eye, the other eye will move
Latent: Cover/ uncover test- Bad eye will drift under the cover, on removing the cover the eye will straighten

63
Q

How to manage a squint?

A

Occlusion of good eye using a eye patch
Penalisation (blur good eye using atropine)
Injection of botulinum toxin
Surgery

64
Q

What is a consequence of not correcting a squint?

A

Amblyopia (lazy eye)

65
Q

What is faltering growth?

A

Fall across 2 centiles on a growth chart

66
Q

What is CHARGE syndrome?

A 
Coloboma
Heart defect
Atresia of the choanae
Retardation of growth and development
Genital abnormality
Ear defect/ hearing loss
67
Q

What is VACTERL association?

A 
Vertebral abnormality
Anal atresia
Cardiac abnormality
TOF
Esophageal atresia
Renal abnormality
Limb deformity
68
Q

What 3 things do those with aport syndrome get? How is it inherited?

A

Kidney disease
Hearing loss
Eye abnormality
X linked

69
Q

Treat pertussis?

A

Clarythromycin

70
Q

Triad in HUS?

A

Haemolytic anaemia
Low platelets
AKI

71
Q

3 types of cerebral palsy?

A

Ataxic
Athetoid/ dyskinetic
Spastic

72
Q

Types of spastic cerebral palsy and what do they affect?

A

Hemiplegia- half of body
Diplegia- legs
Quadriplegia- all 4 limbs

73
Q

What causes HSP?

A

Antigen-antibody IgA deposition causes inflammation of blood vessels

74
Q

Criteria for differentiating a septic hip?

A

Kocher
Fever
Raised WBC
Raised ESR

75
Q

Treat transient synovitis?

A

NSAIDs

76
Q

3 causes of cerebral palsy?

A

Antenatal: Cerebral malformation, congenital infection
Intrapartum: Asphyxiation
Post partum: Intraventricular haemorrhage, head trauma, meningitis

77
Q

Treat cerebral palsy?

A

treat spasticity: Oral diazepam, baclofen, botulinum

78
Q

5 day fever followed by 2 day rash- cause?

A

Herpes virus 6 (Roseola infantum)

Phase 3a (2 decks)

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