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My Phase 3a cards > Public Health > Flashcards

Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the health belief model

A

Based on the understanding that a person will take a health related action if they believe that:

a) a health condition can be avoided
b) they can avoid the health condition
c) by taking a recommended action

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2
Q

Give an example of the use of the health belief model

A

Condom usage:

a) HIV can be avoided
b) I can avoid HIV by using condoms
c) I can use condoms to prevent HIV

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3
Q

“motivating people to take positive health actions that uses the desire to avoid a negative health consequence as the prime motivation” describes which model of behavioural change?

A

Health Belief Model

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4
Q

Give 3 limitations of the health belief model

A
  1. It assumes everyone has the same access to knowledge about illness/disease
  2. It does not take into account environmental/economic factors that may motivate the individual
  3. It does not take into account behaviours that are performed for non health reasons such as social acceptibility/fitting in
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5
Q

What shapes an individuals intentions and behaviours according to the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

A
  1. Attitude
  2. Subjective Norm
  3. Perceived behavioural Control
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6
Q

Give 3 limitations of the theory of planned behavior.

A
  1. Attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control cannot be measured
  2. It is useful for predicting intentions but not actual behaviour
  3. It does not take into account routines/habits/emotions
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7
Q

“the following four main psychological variables influence our behavior: intention, attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control” describes which model of behavioural change?

A

The Theory of Planned Behaviour

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8
Q

What is the Transtheoretical model of behavioural change?

A

It poses that individuals go through 6 stages before a change in behaviour:

  1. Precontemplation
  2. Contemplation
  3. Preparation
  4. Action
  5. Maintanence
  6. Relapse
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9
Q

What are the limitations of the transtheoretical model?

A
  1. Not everyone goes through all 6 phases
  2. Change is a continuum, not steps
  3. Does not take into account values, habits, environmental and economic factors
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10
Q

What are the 5 stages of change according to the transtheoretical model?

A
  1. Pre-contemplation
  2. Contemplation
  3. Planning
  4. Action
  5. Maintenance
    (6. Relapse)
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11
Q

What are the advantages of the transtheoretical model?

A
  1. Tailored to individuals
  2. Accounts for relapse
  3. Acknoledgement of individual stages
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12
Q

What is the social norms theory?

A

A prevention strategy aimed at mostly university aged people.

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13
Q

Describe what the social norms theory suggests.

A

Behaviour is influenced by social norms but there is a gap between what we think our peers believe and do and what they actually believe and do. Correcting these “misperceptions” in peer behaviour is key to behavioural change.

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14
Q

According to NICE, interventions to change health related behaviour should involve….

A

individuals, the ocmmunity, organisatins and populations

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15
Q

What are the 4 health determinants?

A
  1. Genes
  2. Environment (social, economic, physical)
  3. Lifestyle (e.g. diet and exercise)
  4. Healthcare (access and quality)
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16
Q

What is the difference between equity and equality?

A

Equity is giving everyone what they need, equality is giving everyone the same thing.

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17
Q

What is horizontal and vertical equity?

A

Horizontal: equal treatment for equal need
Vertical: unequal treatment for unequal need

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18
Q

What is health inequality?

A

Differences between groups in health outcomes due to geographical, economic and biological outcomes

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19
Q

Give an example of an individual level public health intervention.

A

Patient education e.g. smoking cessation advice

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20
Q

Give an example of a community level public health intervention.

A

Exercise groups

21
Q

Give an example of a population level public health intervention.

A

Sugar and alcohol tax

22
Q

The number of new cases in a specified time period divided by the size of the population is….

A

The incidence: rate of occurrence of a new disease

23
Q

Define incidence

A

The rate of occurrence of a new disease: new cases in a specific time period divided by population size

24
Q

Define absolute risk

A

incidence/population

Risk of developing a disease in a time period

25
Q

What is relative risk?

A

incidence in exposed/incidence in unexposed

Measures the strength of association of a particular risk factor and disease outcome

26
Q

What is attributable risk?

A

The rate of disease in an exposed population which can be attributed to the risk factor they were exposed to.
Diseased exposed minus diseased unexposed

27
Q

What are “odds”?

A

The probability you will get a disease:The probability you won’t get the disease

28
Q

What is the odds ratio?

A

The odds for an exposed group:the odds for an unexposed group

29
Q

Define primary, secondary and tertiary prevention and an example of each:

A

primary: prevention before acquiring a disease e.g. vaccinations
secondary: identifying a disease at its early stage and not allowing it to progress e.g. cervical cancer screening
tertiary: slowing the progress of a disease and minimising the adverse affects on the patients quality of life e.g. meds and rehab

30
Q

What is screening?

A

A process which differentiates apparently well individuals who probably have the disease from apparently well individuals who do not have the disease

31
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

People correctly identified as having the disease/all people with the disease
true positives/true positives+false negatives

32
Q

What is specificity?

A

People correctly identified as not having the disease/all people who don’t have the disease

33
Q

Positive predictive value is?

A

Proportion of people with a positive result who actually have the disease
true positive/true and false positive

34
Q

Negative predictvie value is?

A

Proportion of people with a negative result who don’t have the disease
true negative/true and false negative

35
Q

What are the feautres of a good screening programme? IATROGENIC

A

Important disease
Acceptable treatment
Treatment and diagnostic tools available
Recognisable at an early stage
Opinions on who to treat must be agreed
Guaranteed safety of screening test e.g. low radiation
Examination must be acceptable to patient
Natural history of the disease must be known
Inexpensive test
Continuous screening (yearly, not a one off)

36
Q

What are the 5 antenatal and newborn screening tests?

A 
Fetal anomaly 20 week scan
Maternal infectious diseases
Newborn physical examination
Blood spot on birth
New born hearing test
37
Q

Who is diabetic eye screening given to?

A

yearly to diabetics over 12

38
Q

Who is cervical cancer screening given to?

A

3 yearly to women aged 25-49 and 5 yearld to women 50-64

39
Q

Who is breast screening offered to?

A

women 50-70 every 3 years

40
Q

Who is offered bowel cancer screening?

A

people aged 60-69 every 2 years

41
Q

Who is offered abdominal aneurysm screening?

A

Men over 65 years

42
Q

“2 groups: 1 exposed to a factor, 1 not exposed to a factor. Compare the incidence of disease between the 2 groups with a follow up”

What does this describe?

A

A cohort study

43
Q

“Identify people with the disease, compare with people who did not get the disease. Then compare past exposure to things between the different groups (retrospective)”

What does this describe?

A

A case-control study

44
Q

What is a cross sectional study?

A

Measures prevalence at a specific time

45
Q

What is selection bias? Give an example.

A

An error in selection or allocation into groups e.g. non-response, loss to follow-up

46
Q

Give examples of information bias

A

equipment measurements, subjective observers, patients recalling inaccurate information

47
Q

Give examples of publication bias.

A

If they were paid for by pharmaceutical companies (might not publish unfavourable results)

48
Q

What is bias?

A

Inaccurate data due to error in selection, measurement or analysis

49
Q

What does the bradford-hill criteria do?

A

Establish if there is a true cause and effect relationship

My Phase 3a cards (11 decks)

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