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DL MBCHB 1 Principles > Public Health > Flashcards

Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is the “Definition” of Public Health?

A

The art and science of preventing disease, promoting health, and prolonging life through organised efforts of society.

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2
Q

What is Public Health?

A

Interventions aimed at protecting and promoting the health of a population.

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3
Q

Describe Immunisation.

A
  • Prevention of disease.

- Direct and Indirect protection. (Herd Immunity).

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4
Q

Why is Immunisation important?

A
  • Uptake rates crucial.
  • Communicable disease major killer in developing countries.
  • Many millions of deaths are preventable.
  • Political/Economical barriers.
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5
Q

How do we deal with Outbreaks?

A
  • Surveillance.
  • Sharing information.
  • Emergency response plans.
  • Vaccines.
  • Treatments.
  • Communication.
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6
Q

What are Screening Programmes used for?

A
  • Pick up disease before symptoms present.
  • Identify risk factors.
  • Identify high-risk groups.
  • Give preventative treatment.
  • Intervene early.
  • Reduce Morbidity and Mortality.
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7
Q

What does Public Health aim to do about outbreaks and disease?

A
  • Educate people.
  • Regulate threats.
  • Prevent risk and disease.
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8
Q

How can we Educate People?

A
  • Programmes in Schools.
  • TV.
  • Press Advertising.
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9
Q

How can we Regulate Threats?

A
  • Reduction of fat in food.
  • Seat belts in cars.
  • Smoking bans.
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10
Q

How can we Prevent Risk and Disease?

A
  • Prescribing statins to lower cholesterol.
  • Healthy Living advice.
  • Screening programmes.
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11
Q

A different approach?

A
  • Social Prescribing. (not just drugs)
  • Healthy Living Initiatives.
  • Cultural Health and Wellbeing.
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12
Q

Who is most affected by changes in food prices?

A
  • Low-income groups.
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13
Q

We need to think of population in terms of?

A
  • Nutrition and Health.
  • Environment and Ecology.
  • Economy and Food supply.
  • Society and Ethics.
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14
Q

How can we reduce Green House Gas Emissions GHGE?

A
  • Reduce waste.
  • Technological approaches.
  • Behavioural approaches.
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15
Q

Define Food Insecurity.

A
  • Restricted access to nutrient dense foods.
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16
Q

Describe Over-Consumption.

A
  • High volumes of foods that are high in energy but low in other nutrients.
17
Q

What are the consequences of Under-nutrition.

A
  • Decreased cognitive development and economic productivity.

- Increased susceptibility to Acute morbidity, Chronic diseases and Mortality.

18
Q

What UK Populations are at Risk?

Availability, Access, Affordability

A
  • Low income.
  • Dependent on others.
  • Ethnic minorities.
  • Psycho-social problems.
  • Fad diets.
19
Q

Why does the population have an increased risk of Obesity.

A
  • More cheap, palatable and energy dense food.
  • Increased distribution.
  • Increased persuasive and pervasive marketing.
20
Q

What are some of the Medical consequences of obesity?

A
  • Stroke.
  • Coronary heart disease.
  • Diabetes.
  • Cancer.
21
Q

Risks associated with maternal obesity.

A
  • First trimester and recurrent miscarriage.
  • Infant birth defects.
  • Stillbirth.
  • Neonatal death.
22
Q

Describe dietary needs in infancy.

A

Energy and Essential Nutrients to:

  • Maintain growth and development.
  • Replace losses.
  • Permit metabolic functions.
  • Develop immunity.
23
Q

How long does WHO recommend Breast feeding for?

A
  • First 6 months of life.
24
Q

Too early or inappropriate weaning will impact on?

A
  • Faltering growth.
  • Infection.
  • Poorer gut development.
  • Eczema/allergy.
  • Obesity.
25
Q

Name Childhood non-communicable diseases.

A
  • Dental caries.
  • Anaemia.
  • Obesity.
  • Eating disorders.
  • Behavioural/academic/emotional problems.
26
Q
  • Epidemiology
A
  • Study of frequency, distribution and determinants of disease in a population.
27
Q
  • Epidemiological triangle
A
  • Vector - Food - Environment
28
Q
  • Incidence
A
  • No. of new cases of disease in a population divided by the No. of persons with risk of developing the disease in the same population.
29
Q
  • Prevelance
A
  • No. of cases of disease present in a population divided by the No. of persons with risk of having disease in the same population.
30
Q
  • Negative predictive value
A
  • Testing true negatives/true negatives

- Proportion of those who test negative who actually do not have the disease.

31
Q
  • Positive predictive value
A
  • Testing true positives/true positives

- Proportion of those who test positive who actually have the disease.

32
Q
  • Sensitivity
A
  • Proportion of those who have the disease who are correctly identified by a +ve test.
33
Q
  • Specificity
A
  • Proportion of those who do not have the disease who are correctly identified by a –ve test.
34
Q
  • Yeild
A
  • No. of previously undiagnosed cases picked up by a screening programme.
35
Q
  • Primary prevention
A
  • Stopping a disease before it starts.
36
Q
  • Secondary prevention
A
  • Stopping a disease from getting worse.
37
Q
  • Penetrance
A
  • Proportion of individuals carrying a particular variant of a gene (allele or genotype) that also expresses an associated trait (phenotype).

DL MBCHB 1 Principles (12 decks)

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