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DL MBCHB 1 Principles > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the Anatomical position?

A
  • Standing.
  • Facing anteriorly.
  • Face, eyes, palms, and toes pointing anteriorly.
  • Upper limbs by side.
  • Feet together.
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2
Q

Describe the Supine position?

A
  • Patient lying on back.
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3
Q

Describe the Prone position?

A
  • Patient lying on front.
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4
Q

Describe the Sagittal/ Medial plane?

A
  • Splits body down the middle into left and right parts.
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5
Q

Describe the Coronal plane?

A
  • Splits body into front and back.
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6
Q

Describe the Axial/ Transverse plane?

A
  • Splits body into top and bottom.
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7
Q

Describe Right & Left.

A
  • The patients Right and Left.
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8
Q

Describe Anterior & Posterior.

A
  • In Front and Behind.
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9
Q

Describe Superior & Inferior.

A
  • Higher and Lower.
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10
Q

Describe Cranial & Caudal.

A
  • Higher and Lower.
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11
Q

Describe Medial & Lateral.

A
  • Closer to mid-line and Further from mid-line
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12
Q

Describe Proximal & Distal.

A
  • Nearer and Further to the body.
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13
Q

Describe Superficial & Deep.

A
  • Nearer to the surface of the body and Further from the surface of the body.
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14
Q

Describe External and Internal.

A
  • Further from the centre and Closer to the centre.
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15
Q

Describe Major and Minor.

A
  • Larger and Smaller.
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16
Q

Name the Dorsal surfaces.

A
  • Posterior wrist.
  • Posterior hand.
  • Posterior tongue.
  • Superior foot.
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17
Q

Name the Dorsal Opposite surfaces.

A
  • Volar = Anterior wrist.
  • Palmar = Anterior hand.
  • Ventral = Anterior tongue.
  • Plantar = Inferior foot.
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18
Q

Describe the meaning of Unilateral.

A
  • Structure found only on one side of the body.
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19
Q

Describe the meaning of Bilateral.

A
  • Normally paired structures.
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20
Q

Describe the meaning of Midline.

A
  • Single structure located on the medial plane.
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21
Q

Describe the meaning of Ipsilateral.

A
  • Structure lies on the same side of the body.
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22
Q

Describe the meaning of Contralateral.

A
  • Structure lies on the opposite side of the body.
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23
Q

Describe Flexion & extension.

A
  • Decreasing and Increasing the angle between bones at a joint.
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24
Q

Describe Abduction & Adduction.

A
  • Movement Away and Towards the medial plane.
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25
Q

Describe Internal & Medial rotation.

A
  • Anterior surface rotates Towards the medial plane.
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26
Q

Describe External & Lateral rotation.

A
  • Anterior surface rotates Away from the medial plane.
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27
Q

Describe Circumduction.

A
  • Circular motion at a joint.
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28
Q

Describe Inversion & Eversion.

A
  • Sole of foot rotates towards and away from the medial plane.
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29
Q

Describe Pronation & Supination.

A
  • Forearm rotates Internally and Externally.
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30
Q

Describe Semi-prone.

A
  • Midway between prone and supine positions.
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31
Q

Describe Opposition & Reposition.

A
  • Thumb and pinky move towards each other and away from each other.
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32
Q

Describe Abduction & Adduction of the Thumb.

A
  • Movement of Thumb anteriorly away from and then posteriorly back to palm.
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33
Q

Describe Extension & Flexion of the Thumb.

A
  • Movement of Thumb laterally away from and across the palm.
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34
Q

Describe Elevation & Depression.

A
  • Superior and Inferior movement of the Shoulders.
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35
Q

Describe Protraction & Retraction.

A
  • Anterior and Posterior movement of Jaw or Shoulders.
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36
Q

Describe levels of organization of the Body.

A
  • Body system.
  • Organ.
  • Tissue.
  • Cellular.
  • Chemical.
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37
Q

What are Cells?

A
  • Basic structural and functional unit of our body.
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38
Q

Turnover rate of Skin cells and RBC.

A
  • Skin = every 3 months.

- RBC = survive 120 days.

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39
Q

Why do Cells require energy?

A
  • Common metabolic processes. (maintenance of pH)

- Specific functions.

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40
Q

What is the “Cellular Currency”.

A
  • ATP = adenosine triphosphate.
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41
Q

How is ATP produced?

A
  • From Oxygen and Nutrient molecules we obtain from food.
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42
Q

What are the 4 basic tissue types of the Body?

A
  • Muscle.
  • Epithelia.
  • Nerves.
  • Connective tissue.
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43
Q

What are Organs?

A
  • An organ is a group of tissues acting together to perform a specific function(s).
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44
Q

What is an Organ System?

A
  • Collection of organs that have related functions and work together to carry out a common goal essential for survival.
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45
Q

What does the Cardiovascular system consist of?

A
  • Heart.
  • Arterial system.
  • Venous system.
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46
Q

What is the Arterial system?

A
  • Blood leaving the Heart.
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47
Q

What is the Venous system?

A
  • Blood entering the Heart.
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48
Q

What is the Heart?

A
  • The pump of the Cardiovascular system.
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49
Q

Describe the Pulmonary circulation.

A
  • From the Right side of Heart.
  • To Lungs.
  • Back to the Left side of Heart.
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50
Q

Describe the Systemic circulation.

A
  • From the Left side of the Heart.
  • To Capillary beds of organs and tissues.
  • Back to the Right side of Heart.
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51
Q

What is average resting Heart rate?

A
  • 60 - 100 bpm.
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52
Q

What happens in Cardiac arrest?

A
  • The Heart stops.
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53
Q

What is heart failure?

A
  • The Heart does not pump well enough.
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54
Q

Describe the location of the Heart.

A
  • Thoracic cavity.
  • Deep to the Sternum.
  • Deep to Costal cartilages.
  • Between Lungs in Mediastinum.
  • More on Left side than Right side.
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55
Q

Describe the Mediastinum.

A
  • Divided into Superior and Inferior.
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56
Q

Describe the Inferior Mediastinum.

A
  • Anterior.
  • Middle (Heart).
  • Posterior.
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57
Q

Describe the Pericardium.

A
  • Middle mediastinum.
  • Sac surrounding the Heart.
  • 2 layers Fibrous and Serous.
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58
Q

Describe the Fibrous pericardium.

A
  • Outer, thick, tough layer.

- Prevents overfilling and protective.

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59
Q

Describe the Serous pericardium.

A
  • Inner, membranous layer.

- Secretes serous fluid.

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60
Q

Describe the Visceral serous pericardium.

A
  • Covers the Heart.
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61
Q

Describe the Parietal serous pericardium.

A
  • Lines the Fibrous pericardium.
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62
Q

Describe the 3 layers of Heart tissue.

A
  • Epicardium = external.
  • Myocardium = middle.
  • Endocardium = internal.
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63
Q

Describe the Right side of the Heart.

A
  • Venous blood.

- Blood from systemic to pulmonary circulation.

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64
Q

Describe the Left side of the Heart.

A
  • Arterial blood.

- Blood from pulmonary to systemic circulation.

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65
Q

What are the sides of the Heart divided by?

A
  • A septum.
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66
Q

Name the 4 Heart valves.

A
  • Aortic valve.
  • Pulmonary valve.
  • Tricuspid valve.
  • Mitral valve (bicuspid).
67
Q

Describe the Aortic valve.

A
  • Between left ventricle and Aorta.
68
Q

Describe the Pulmonary valve.

A
  • Between right ventricle and Pulmonary trunk.
69
Q

Describe the Tricuspid valve.

A
  • Between right atrium and right ventricle.
70
Q

Describe the Mitral valve.

A
  • Between left atrium and left ventricle.
71
Q

Describe conduction of Heart.

A
  • Spontaneous electrical impulse starts at SA node.
  • Travels to AV node at atrioventricular septum.
  • Travels down bundles of His.
  • Spreads through Purkinje fibres.
72
Q

Describe Fibrillation.

A
  • Unco-ordinated contraction of the Heart.
73
Q

Describe normal contraction.

A
  • Regular and rhythmical.
74
Q

Describe Defibrillation.

A
  • Controlled shock to stop cardiac movements, restoring co-ordinated contractions.
75
Q

Describe External factors affecting the Heart.

A
  • Sensory nerves.
  • Motor nerves.
    (sympathetic increase rate and force, parasympathetic decrease rate and force.)
  • Circulating hormones.
76
Q

Describe the Circulatory system.

A
  • Cardiovascular system.

- Lymphatic system.

77
Q

Describe the order of blood vessels.

A
  • Arteries.
  • Arterioles.
  • Capillaries.
  • Venules.
  • Veins.
78
Q

Describe a neurovascular bundle.

A
  • Vein.
  • Artery.
  • Nerve.
79
Q

What is a Bifurcation?

A
  • 2 terminal branches.
80
Q

What is a Trifurcation?

A
  • 3 terminal branches.
81
Q

Describe Arteries.

A
  • Tortuous course.
  • High pressure > 120/80mmHg.
  • Deeper than veins.
  • Oxygenated blood.
  • Pulsatile.
82
Q

Describe Anastomosis.

A
  • Connection between arteries without a capillary network.
83
Q

Describe Collaterals.

A
  • Alternative route of blood flow.
  • Provide blood supply to cells distal to arterial occlusion.
  • Bleed from both sides.
84
Q

Describe End arteries.

A
  • Only arterial blood supply to a particular area.

- Occlusion can result in infarction.

85
Q

Describe arteriole vasoconstriction.

A
  • Smooth muscle in walls contracts and lumens narrows.
  • Reduces blood flow to organ / tissue.
  • Can help reduce blood loss after an injury.
86
Q

Describe arteriole vasodilation.

A
  • Opposite of vasoconstriction.
  • Smooth muscle in walls relaxes and lumen widens.
  • Increases blood flow to organ / tissue.
87
Q

Describe arteriole tone.

A
  • Arterioles are narrow compared to the maximum internal diameter.
  • Constant low level contraction of the smooth muscle called tonus.
  • Controlled by sympathetic nervous system.
88
Q

Describe the Aorta.

A
  • Carries systemic arterial blood from Heart at high pressure.
  • Elastic in walls helps to cope with pressure.
  • Elastic recoil helps maintain peripheral blood flow when relaxed.
89
Q

Name the 4 parts of the Aorta.

A
  • Ascending Aorta.
  • Arch of the Aorta.
  • Thoracic Aorta.
  • Abdominal Aorta.
90
Q

Describe the Arch of the Aorta.

A
  • Brachiocephalic trunk.
  • Left common carotid.
  • Left subclavian.
91
Q

Describe the Brachiocephalic trunk.

A
  • Bifurcates into the Right common carotid and right subclavian arteries.
92
Q

Describe upper limb arteries.

A
  • Subclavian.
  • Axillary.
  • Brachial.
  • Bifurcates to Radial and Ulnar.
93
Q

Describe the common carotid.

A
  • Bifurcates into External and Internal carotid.
94
Q

Describe the Carotid Sinus.

A
  • Most proximal dilated part of internal carotid.
  • Found at superior border of thyroid cartilage.
  • Innervated by CN IX glossopharyngeal.
  • Detects change in pressure.
95
Q

Describe the Carotid Body.

A
  • Also innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX.

- Detects blood gas levels and pH.

96
Q

Describe the internal Carotid.

A
  • Travels into the cranial cavity to supply the brain via carotid canal.
97
Q

Describe the Vertebral artery.

A
  • Branches from subclavian artery.
  • Travels through the vertebral foraminae of cervical vertebrae.
  • Then through Foramen Magnum to supply the brain.
98
Q

Describe the Circle of Willis.

A
  • Found on the interior aspect of brain.

- Made up of Right & Left internal carotid arteries and basilar artery formed of 2 vertebral arteries joined.

99
Q

Describe the branches of the Thoracic Aorta.

A
  • Bilateral posterior intercostal arteries.
  • Anterior surface arteries:
  • Bronchial.
  • Oesophageal.
  • Mediastinal.
  • Pericardial.
  • Phrenic.
100
Q

Describe the branches of the Abdominal Aorta.

A
  • Abdominal Viscera:
  • 3 unpaired anterior and 3 bilateral paired lateral.
  • Abdominal Wall branches.
  • Bifurcates into Common Illiac arteries.
101
Q

Describe the common Illiac arteries.

A
  • Supply pelvis, perineum and lower limbs.
  • Bifurcate into internal and external Illiac arteries.
  • Internal supplies pelvis and perineum.
  • External supplies lower limb.
102
Q

Name Peripheral Pulses.

A
  • Carotid.
  • Brachial.
  • Femoral.
  • Popliteal.
  • Posterior tibial.
  • Dorsalis pedis.
103
Q

Describe Veins.

A
  • Drain a territory.
  • Merging tributaries.
  • Straight course.
  • Deoxygenated venous blood.
  • Low pressure system.
  • Thin wall and collapsed when empty.
  • Non-pulsatile flow.
  • Valves to ensure unidirectional.
104
Q

Describe Superficial Veins.

A
  • Smaller.
  • Run in Superficial fascia.
  • Drain into Deep veins.
105
Q

Describe Deep Veins.

A
  • Larger.
  • Run deep to the Deep fascia.
  • Run in body cavities.
106
Q

Describe Venous Systems.

A
  • Two main venous systems.
  • Hepatic portal = drains GI organs to the Liver.
  • Systemic venous system = drains all other organs to the SVC/IVC.
107
Q

Describe Lymphatic capillaries.

A
  • Part of the immune system.

- Fluid contained is called lymph.

108
Q

Describe Lymphatic vessels.

A
  • Formed from Lympatic capillaries.

- Called lymphatics.

109
Q

Describe Lymphatics.

A
  • Carry lymph through lymph nodes.

- Contain WBC’s to filter fluid and fight infection.

110
Q

Describe Lympatic drainage.

A
  • Lymph is drained into central veins in the root of the neck.
  • Into Venous angles.
  • Upper right drains into Right angle via right lymphatic duct.
  • Rest of body drains into Left angle via the thoracic duct.
111
Q

Can lymph nodes be palpated?

A
  • Yes = when infected.

- No = normal uninfected.

112
Q

Describe Endochondral ossification.

A
  • Process where a hyaline cartilage version grows and ossifies into bone, ceasing growth.
113
Q

What does each bone contain at each end?

A
  • Epiphysis (head).
  • Epiphyseal growth plate (below neck).
  • Metaphysis (neck).
  • Diaphysis (body).
114
Q

Describe the Outer Cortex of Bone.

A
  • Dense, strong, heavy.

- Compact cortical bone.

115
Q

Describe the Inner Medulla of Bone.

A
  • Porous, weaker, lighter.
  • Spongey (trabecullar / cancellous bone.
  • May contain Bone Marrow.
116
Q

What is produced in Bone Marrow?

A
  • Red and White Blood Cells.
117
Q

Describe the Periosteum.

A
  • Fibrous connective tissue ‘sleeve’.
  • Vascularised.
  • Innervated.
118
Q

Describe the nutrient vessels.

A
  • Artery and vein.

- Carry blood to/from medullary cavity.

119
Q

2 features of neck of femur contributing to fractures.

A
  • Less compact bone.

- Thin/angled structure.

120
Q

Describe fracture healing.

A
  • Fracture.
  • Initial healing, callus formed.
  • Callus remodelling.
  • Healed.
121
Q

What bony features develop during growth?

A
  • Functional = best shape.

- Adjacent structure = moulded by surroundings.

122
Q

What are the 3 fossae of the cranial cavity?

A
  • Anterior cranial fossa.
  • Middle cranial fossa.
  • Posterior cranial fossa.
123
Q

What are ‘holes’ called?

A
  • Foraminae pl.

- Foramen s.

124
Q

What bones make up the Axial skeleton?

A
  • Skull.
  • Neck.
  • Trunk.
125
Q

What bones make up the Appendicular skeleton?

A
  • Pectoral girdle.
  • Upper limbs (arm, forearm, hand).
  • Pelvic girdle.
  • Lower limbs (thigh, leg, foot).
126
Q

What bones lie superior to a line drawn from orbits to ears?

A
  • Bones of the cranial vault (neurocranium).
127
Q

What bones lie inferior to a line drawn from orbits to ears?

A
  • Bones of the facial skeleton (viscerocranium).
128
Q

What Bones make up the cranial vault?

A
  • Frontal bone.
  • Sphenoid bone.
  • Parietal bone.
  • Temporal bone.
  • Occipital bone.
129
Q

Where is the cribriform plate found?

A
  • Ethmoid bone on the base of the frontal bone.
130
Q

What Bones make up the facial skeleton?

A
  • Nasal bone.
  • Zygomatic bone.
  • Maxilla.
  • Mandible.
131
Q

Describe Le Fort I.

A
  • Maxilla fracture.
132
Q

Describe Le Fort II.

A
  • Nasal, Maxilla fracture.
133
Q

Describe Le Fort III.

A
  • Nasal, Maxilla, Zygoma fracture.
134
Q

Name the parts of the Mandible.

A
  • Condylar and coronoid process.
  • Ramus.
  • Angle.
  • Body.
  • Mental process.
  • Mental Foramen.
135
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A
  • 33 in total.
136
Q

Name the sections of the vertebral column.

A
  • Cervical.
  • Thoracic.
  • Lumbar.
  • Sacral.
  • Coccygeal.
137
Q

How many Cervical vertebrae are there?

A
  • 7 (C1-C7).
138
Q

How many Thoracic vertebrae are there?

A
  • 12 (T1-T12).
139
Q

How many Lumbar vertebrae are there?

A
  • 5 (L1-L5).
140
Q

How many Sacral vertebrae are there?

A
  • 5 (fuse to form sacrum).
141
Q

How many Coccygeal vertebrae are there?

A
  • 4 (fuse to form coccyx).
142
Q

Describe primary curvatures.

A
  • Convex, protrude outwards.
143
Q

Describe secondary curvatures.

A
  • Concave, retract inwards.
144
Q

Describe features of a typical vertebrae.

A
  • 1 Spinous processes.
  • 2 Transverse processes.
  • 2 (Superior and Inferior) articular processes.
  • 2 Lamina.
  • 2 Pedicles.
  • Vertebral foramen and body.
145
Q

Name the irregular cervical vertebrae.

A
  • C1 = Atlas.
  • C2 = Axis.
  • C7 = Vertebrae prominens.
146
Q

How many true ribs are there?

A
  • 7.
147
Q

How many false ribs are there?

A
  • 3.
148
Q

How many floating ribs are there?

A
  • 2.
149
Q

Name the three types of Muscle.

A
  • Cardiac.
  • Smooth Muscle.
  • Skeletal Muscle.
150
Q

Describe Cardiac muscle.

A
  • Involuntary & striated.

- Heart Beating.

151
Q

Describe Smooth muscle.

A
  • Involuntary & non-striated.

- Tube narrowing.

152
Q

Describe Skeletal muscle.

A
  • Voluntary & striated.

- Skeletal movements.

153
Q

Describe Skeletal muscle structure.

A
  • Skeletal muscle made from;
  • Fascicles made from;
  • Myocytes made from;
  • Myofibrils made from;
  • Actin & Myosin microfilaments.
154
Q

Why do Skeletal muscles look striated?

A
  • Due to Actin & Myosin overlap.
155
Q

What happens when a Skeletal muscle is “strained”?

A
  • Some muscle fibres are torn.
156
Q

Name the types of Skeletal muscles.

A
  • Circular.
  • Pennate.
  • Quadrate.
  • Fusiform.
  • Flat.
157
Q

What are the two points of Skeletal muscle attachment.

A
  • Origin.

- Insertion.

158
Q

Describe Tendons.

A
  • Attach muscle to bone.
  • Found at either end of muscle.
  • Non-contractile.
159
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A
  • Flattened tendon usually associated with flat muscle attaching to soft tissue.
160
Q

The actions of any given muscle can be worked out by?

A
  • Which joint is spanned.
  • The long axis of the muscle fibres.
  • The aspect of the joint that is spanned.
  • The shapes of the articular surfaces of the joint.
161
Q

How are muscles named?

A
  • Shape.
  • Location.
  • Size.
  • Main Bony attachment.
  • Main movement.
162
Q

Describe Reflexes.

A
  • Rapid, involuntary reaction to protect from danger.
163
Q

What causes reflexes?

A
  • Nervous system.

- Muscles.

164
Q

What are the two main reflexes involving skeletal muscle?

A
  • Stretch reflex.

- Flexion withdrawal reflex.

DL MBCHB 1 Principles (12 decks)

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