Anatomy Flashcards
Describe the Anatomical position?
- Standing.
- Facing anteriorly.
- Face, eyes, palms, and toes pointing anteriorly.
- Upper limbs by side.
- Feet together.
Describe the Supine position?
- Patient lying on back.
Describe the Prone position?
- Patient lying on front.
Describe the Sagittal/ Medial plane?
- Splits body down the middle into left and right parts.
Describe the Coronal plane?
- Splits body into front and back.
Describe the Axial/ Transverse plane?
- Splits body into top and bottom.
Describe Right & Left.
- The patients Right and Left.
Describe Anterior & Posterior.
- In Front and Behind.
Describe Superior & Inferior.
- Higher and Lower.
Describe Cranial & Caudal.
- Higher and Lower.
Describe Medial & Lateral.
- Closer to mid-line and Further from mid-line
Describe Proximal & Distal.
- Nearer and Further to the body.
Describe Superficial & Deep.
- Nearer to the surface of the body and Further from the surface of the body.
Describe External and Internal.
- Further from the centre and Closer to the centre.
Describe Major and Minor.
- Larger and Smaller.
Name the Dorsal surfaces.
- Posterior wrist.
- Posterior hand.
- Posterior tongue.
- Superior foot.
Name the Dorsal Opposite surfaces.
- Volar = Anterior wrist.
- Palmar = Anterior hand.
- Ventral = Anterior tongue.
- Plantar = Inferior foot.
Describe the meaning of Unilateral.
- Structure found only on one side of the body.
Describe the meaning of Bilateral.
- Normally paired structures.
Describe the meaning of Midline.
- Single structure located on the medial plane.
Describe the meaning of Ipsilateral.
- Structure lies on the same side of the body.
Describe the meaning of Contralateral.
- Structure lies on the opposite side of the body.
Describe Flexion & extension.
- Decreasing and Increasing the angle between bones at a joint.
Describe Abduction & Adduction.
- Movement Away and Towards the medial plane.
Describe Internal & Medial rotation.
- Anterior surface rotates Towards the medial plane.
Describe External & Lateral rotation.
- Anterior surface rotates Away from the medial plane.
Describe Circumduction.
- Circular motion at a joint.
Describe Inversion & Eversion.
- Sole of foot rotates towards and away from the medial plane.
Describe Pronation & Supination.
- Forearm rotates Internally and Externally.
Describe Semi-prone.
- Midway between prone and supine positions.
Describe Opposition & Reposition.
- Thumb and pinky move towards each other and away from each other.
Describe Abduction & Adduction of the Thumb.
- Movement of Thumb anteriorly away from and then posteriorly back to palm.
Describe Extension & Flexion of the Thumb.
- Movement of Thumb laterally away from and across the palm.
Describe Elevation & Depression.
- Superior and Inferior movement of the Shoulders.
Describe Protraction & Retraction.
- Anterior and Posterior movement of Jaw or Shoulders.
Describe levels of organization of the Body.
- Body system.
- Organ.
- Tissue.
- Cellular.
- Chemical.
What are Cells?
- Basic structural and functional unit of our body.
Turnover rate of Skin cells and RBC.
- Skin = every 3 months.
- RBC = survive 120 days.
Why do Cells require energy?
- Common metabolic processes. (maintenance of pH)
- Specific functions.
What is the “Cellular Currency”.
- ATP = adenosine triphosphate.
How is ATP produced?
- From Oxygen and Nutrient molecules we obtain from food.
What are the 4 basic tissue types of the Body?
- Muscle.
- Epithelia.
- Nerves.
- Connective tissue.
What are Organs?
- An organ is a group of tissues acting together to perform a specific function(s).
What is an Organ System?
- Collection of organs that have related functions and work together to carry out a common goal essential for survival.
What does the Cardiovascular system consist of?
- Heart.
- Arterial system.
- Venous system.
What is the Arterial system?
- Blood leaving the Heart.
What is the Venous system?
- Blood entering the Heart.
What is the Heart?
- The pump of the Cardiovascular system.
Describe the Pulmonary circulation.
- From the Right side of Heart.
- To Lungs.
- Back to the Left side of Heart.
Describe the Systemic circulation.
- From the Left side of the Heart.
- To Capillary beds of organs and tissues.
- Back to the Right side of Heart.
What is average resting Heart rate?
- 60 - 100 bpm.
What happens in Cardiac arrest?
- The Heart stops.
What is heart failure?
- The Heart does not pump well enough.
Describe the location of the Heart.
- Thoracic cavity.
- Deep to the Sternum.
- Deep to Costal cartilages.
- Between Lungs in Mediastinum.
- More on Left side than Right side.
Describe the Mediastinum.
- Divided into Superior and Inferior.
Describe the Inferior Mediastinum.
- Anterior.
- Middle (Heart).
- Posterior.
Describe the Pericardium.
- Middle mediastinum.
- Sac surrounding the Heart.
- 2 layers Fibrous and Serous.
Describe the Fibrous pericardium.
- Outer, thick, tough layer.
- Prevents overfilling and protective.
Describe the Serous pericardium.
- Inner, membranous layer.
- Secretes serous fluid.
Describe the Visceral serous pericardium.
- Covers the Heart.
Describe the Parietal serous pericardium.
- Lines the Fibrous pericardium.
Describe the 3 layers of Heart tissue.
- Epicardium = external.
- Myocardium = middle.
- Endocardium = internal.
Describe the Right side of the Heart.
- Venous blood.
- Blood from systemic to pulmonary circulation.
Describe the Left side of the Heart.
- Arterial blood.
- Blood from pulmonary to systemic circulation.
What are the sides of the Heart divided by?
- A septum.
Name the 4 Heart valves.
- Aortic valve.
- Pulmonary valve.
- Tricuspid valve.
- Mitral valve (bicuspid).
Describe the Aortic valve.
- Between left ventricle and Aorta.
Describe the Pulmonary valve.
- Between right ventricle and Pulmonary trunk.
Describe the Tricuspid valve.
- Between right atrium and right ventricle.
Describe the Mitral valve.
- Between left atrium and left ventricle.
Describe conduction of Heart.
- Spontaneous electrical impulse starts at SA node.
- Travels to AV node at atrioventricular septum.
- Travels down bundles of His.
- Spreads through Purkinje fibres.
Describe Fibrillation.
- Unco-ordinated contraction of the Heart.
Describe normal contraction.
- Regular and rhythmical.
Describe Defibrillation.
- Controlled shock to stop cardiac movements, restoring co-ordinated contractions.
Describe External factors affecting the Heart.
- Sensory nerves.
- Motor nerves.
(sympathetic increase rate and force, parasympathetic decrease rate and force.) - Circulating hormones.
Describe the Circulatory system.
- Cardiovascular system.
- Lymphatic system.
Describe the order of blood vessels.
- Arteries.
- Arterioles.
- Capillaries.
- Venules.
- Veins.
Describe a neurovascular bundle.
- Vein.
- Artery.
- Nerve.
What is a Bifurcation?
- 2 terminal branches.
What is a Trifurcation?
- 3 terminal branches.
Describe Arteries.
- Tortuous course.
- High pressure > 120/80mmHg.
- Deeper than veins.
- Oxygenated blood.
- Pulsatile.
Describe Anastomosis.
- Connection between arteries without a capillary network.
Describe Collaterals.
- Alternative route of blood flow.
- Provide blood supply to cells distal to arterial occlusion.
- Bleed from both sides.
Describe End arteries.
- Only arterial blood supply to a particular area.
- Occlusion can result in infarction.
Describe arteriole vasoconstriction.
- Smooth muscle in walls contracts and lumens narrows.
- Reduces blood flow to organ / tissue.
- Can help reduce blood loss after an injury.
Describe arteriole vasodilation.
- Opposite of vasoconstriction.
- Smooth muscle in walls relaxes and lumen widens.
- Increases blood flow to organ / tissue.
Describe arteriole tone.
- Arterioles are narrow compared to the maximum internal diameter.
- Constant low level contraction of the smooth muscle called tonus.
- Controlled by sympathetic nervous system.
Describe the Aorta.
- Carries systemic arterial blood from Heart at high pressure.
- Elastic in walls helps to cope with pressure.
- Elastic recoil helps maintain peripheral blood flow when relaxed.
Name the 4 parts of the Aorta.
- Ascending Aorta.
- Arch of the Aorta.
- Thoracic Aorta.
- Abdominal Aorta.
Describe the Arch of the Aorta.
- Brachiocephalic trunk.
- Left common carotid.
- Left subclavian.
Describe the Brachiocephalic trunk.
- Bifurcates into the Right common carotid and right subclavian arteries.
Describe upper limb arteries.
- Subclavian.
- Axillary.
- Brachial.
- Bifurcates to Radial and Ulnar.
Describe the common carotid.
- Bifurcates into External and Internal carotid.
Describe the Carotid Sinus.
- Most proximal dilated part of internal carotid.
- Found at superior border of thyroid cartilage.
- Innervated by CN IX glossopharyngeal.
- Detects change in pressure.
Describe the Carotid Body.
- Also innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX.
- Detects blood gas levels and pH.
Describe the internal Carotid.
- Travels into the cranial cavity to supply the brain via carotid canal.
Describe the Vertebral artery.
- Branches from subclavian artery.
- Travels through the vertebral foraminae of cervical vertebrae.
- Then through Foramen Magnum to supply the brain.
Describe the Circle of Willis.
- Found on the interior aspect of brain.
- Made up of Right & Left internal carotid arteries and basilar artery formed of 2 vertebral arteries joined.
Describe the branches of the Thoracic Aorta.
- Bilateral posterior intercostal arteries.
- Anterior surface arteries:
- Bronchial.
- Oesophageal.
- Mediastinal.
- Pericardial.
- Phrenic.
Describe the branches of the Abdominal Aorta.
- Abdominal Viscera:
- 3 unpaired anterior and 3 bilateral paired lateral.
- Abdominal Wall branches.
- Bifurcates into Common Illiac arteries.
Describe the common Illiac arteries.
- Supply pelvis, perineum and lower limbs.
- Bifurcate into internal and external Illiac arteries.
- Internal supplies pelvis and perineum.
- External supplies lower limb.
Name Peripheral Pulses.
- Carotid.
- Brachial.
- Femoral.
- Popliteal.
- Posterior tibial.
- Dorsalis pedis.
Describe Veins.
- Drain a territory.
- Merging tributaries.
- Straight course.
- Deoxygenated venous blood.
- Low pressure system.
- Thin wall and collapsed when empty.
- Non-pulsatile flow.
- Valves to ensure unidirectional.
Describe Superficial Veins.
- Smaller.
- Run in Superficial fascia.
- Drain into Deep veins.
Describe Deep Veins.
- Larger.
- Run deep to the Deep fascia.
- Run in body cavities.
Describe Venous Systems.
- Two main venous systems.
- Hepatic portal = drains GI organs to the Liver.
- Systemic venous system = drains all other organs to the SVC/IVC.
Describe Lymphatic capillaries.
- Part of the immune system.
- Fluid contained is called lymph.
Describe Lymphatic vessels.
- Formed from Lympatic capillaries.
- Called lymphatics.
Describe Lymphatics.
- Carry lymph through lymph nodes.
- Contain WBC’s to filter fluid and fight infection.
Describe Lympatic drainage.
- Lymph is drained into central veins in the root of the neck.
- Into Venous angles.
- Upper right drains into Right angle via right lymphatic duct.
- Rest of body drains into Left angle via the thoracic duct.
Can lymph nodes be palpated?
- Yes = when infected.
- No = normal uninfected.
Describe Endochondral ossification.
- Process where a hyaline cartilage version grows and ossifies into bone, ceasing growth.
What does each bone contain at each end?
- Epiphysis (head).
- Epiphyseal growth plate (below neck).
- Metaphysis (neck).
- Diaphysis (body).
Describe the Outer Cortex of Bone.
- Dense, strong, heavy.
- Compact cortical bone.
Describe the Inner Medulla of Bone.
- Porous, weaker, lighter.
- Spongey (trabecullar / cancellous bone.
- May contain Bone Marrow.
What is produced in Bone Marrow?
- Red and White Blood Cells.
Describe the Periosteum.
- Fibrous connective tissue ‘sleeve’.
- Vascularised.
- Innervated.
Describe the nutrient vessels.
- Artery and vein.
- Carry blood to/from medullary cavity.
2 features of neck of femur contributing to fractures.
- Less compact bone.
- Thin/angled structure.
Describe fracture healing.
- Fracture.
- Initial healing, callus formed.
- Callus remodelling.
- Healed.
What bony features develop during growth?
- Functional = best shape.
- Adjacent structure = moulded by surroundings.
What are the 3 fossae of the cranial cavity?
- Anterior cranial fossa.
- Middle cranial fossa.
- Posterior cranial fossa.
What are ‘holes’ called?
- Foraminae pl.
- Foramen s.
What bones make up the Axial skeleton?
- Skull.
- Neck.
- Trunk.
What bones make up the Appendicular skeleton?
- Pectoral girdle.
- Upper limbs (arm, forearm, hand).
- Pelvic girdle.
- Lower limbs (thigh, leg, foot).
What bones lie superior to a line drawn from orbits to ears?
- Bones of the cranial vault (neurocranium).
What bones lie inferior to a line drawn from orbits to ears?
- Bones of the facial skeleton (viscerocranium).
What Bones make up the cranial vault?
- Frontal bone.
- Sphenoid bone.
- Parietal bone.
- Temporal bone.
- Occipital bone.
Where is the cribriform plate found?
- Ethmoid bone on the base of the frontal bone.
What Bones make up the facial skeleton?
- Nasal bone.
- Zygomatic bone.
- Maxilla.
- Mandible.
Describe Le Fort I.
- Maxilla fracture.
Describe Le Fort II.
- Nasal, Maxilla fracture.
Describe Le Fort III.
- Nasal, Maxilla, Zygoma fracture.
Name the parts of the Mandible.
- Condylar and coronoid process.
- Ramus.
- Angle.
- Body.
- Mental process.
- Mental Foramen.
How many vertebrae are there?
- 33 in total.
Name the sections of the vertebral column.
- Cervical.
- Thoracic.
- Lumbar.
- Sacral.
- Coccygeal.
How many Cervical vertebrae are there?
- 7 (C1-C7).
How many Thoracic vertebrae are there?
- 12 (T1-T12).
How many Lumbar vertebrae are there?
- 5 (L1-L5).
How many Sacral vertebrae are there?
- 5 (fuse to form sacrum).
How many Coccygeal vertebrae are there?
- 4 (fuse to form coccyx).
Describe primary curvatures.
- Convex, protrude outwards.
Describe secondary curvatures.
- Concave, retract inwards.
Describe features of a typical vertebrae.
- 1 Spinous processes.
- 2 Transverse processes.
- 2 (Superior and Inferior) articular processes.
- 2 Lamina.
- 2 Pedicles.
- Vertebral foramen and body.
Name the irregular cervical vertebrae.
- C1 = Atlas.
- C2 = Axis.
- C7 = Vertebrae prominens.
How many true ribs are there?
- 7.
How many false ribs are there?
- 3.
How many floating ribs are there?
- 2.
Name the three types of Muscle.
- Cardiac.
- Smooth Muscle.
- Skeletal Muscle.
Describe Cardiac muscle.
- Involuntary & striated.
- Heart Beating.
Describe Smooth muscle.
- Involuntary & non-striated.
- Tube narrowing.
Describe Skeletal muscle.
- Voluntary & striated.
- Skeletal movements.
Describe Skeletal muscle structure.
- Skeletal muscle made from;
- Fascicles made from;
- Myocytes made from;
- Myofibrils made from;
- Actin & Myosin microfilaments.
Why do Skeletal muscles look striated?
- Due to Actin & Myosin overlap.
What happens when a Skeletal muscle is “strained”?
- Some muscle fibres are torn.
Name the types of Skeletal muscles.
- Circular.
- Pennate.
- Quadrate.
- Fusiform.
- Flat.
What are the two points of Skeletal muscle attachment.
- Origin.
- Insertion.
Describe Tendons.
- Attach muscle to bone.
- Found at either end of muscle.
- Non-contractile.
What is an aponeurosis?
- Flattened tendon usually associated with flat muscle attaching to soft tissue.
The actions of any given muscle can be worked out by?
- Which joint is spanned.
- The long axis of the muscle fibres.
- The aspect of the joint that is spanned.
- The shapes of the articular surfaces of the joint.
How are muscles named?
- Shape.
- Location.
- Size.
- Main Bony attachment.
- Main movement.
Describe Reflexes.
- Rapid, involuntary reaction to protect from danger.
What causes reflexes?
- Nervous system.
- Muscles.
What are the two main reflexes involving skeletal muscle?
- Stretch reflex.
- Flexion withdrawal reflex.
