Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GP > Public Health > Flashcards

Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is epigenetics

A

Genetic expression depends on the environment - everyone has different experiences -> environment alters genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is salutogenesis

A

Favourable physiological changes secondary to experiences which promote healing and health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is public health

A

Science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts of society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What’s the difference between equality and equity

A

Equality - equal shares (eg access to healthcare)

Equity - What is fair and just

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Vertical and horizontal equity ?

A

H- equal treatments for equal needs (everyone with pneumonia treated the same)
V - unequal treatments for equal needs (areas with poorer health need higher expenditure on health services)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dimensions of health equity

A

Spacial

Social - age, gender, SES, ethic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does health equity study ? What things does it look at to do that

A

The differences and causes of quality of healthcare across the population
Supply of healthcare
Access
Utilisation
Health care outcomes
Resource allocation
Wider determinants of health - diet / smoking…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Would you normally assess equality or equity first ?

A

Equality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Does equality always mean equitability

A

No - equal utilisation of health care services does not result in equity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 3 main domains of public health

A

Health improvement - social interventions aimed at preventing disease, promoting health and reducing inequalities
Health protection - measures to control infectious disease risks and environmental hazards
Improvement of health services - organisation and delivery of safe, quality services for the prevention and treatment of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Egs of health improvement areas

A 
Inequalities 
Education 
Housing
Employment 
Lifestyle 
Family / community
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Egs of health protection

A 
Infectious diseases 
Chemicals / poisons 
Radiation 
Emergency response 
Environmental health
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Egs of health service improvement

A 
Clinical effectiveness 
Efficiency 
Service planning 
Audits / evaluations 
Clinical governance 
Equity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Levels and Eg of public health interventions

A

Individual - behavioural change
Community - clean the local community
Population - recommend exercise 4 x 30 min a week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

3 levels of prevention and eg

A

1 - prevent disease before it starts - immunise / diet
2 - detect early - screening, regular examinations, daily aspirin to prevent further CVD
3 - reduce impact of a disease that has lasting effects - stroke rehab, diabetes management

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do you calculate incident rate

A

Number of persons who become cases over time period / total person-time at risk during that period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the denominator of cumulative incidence

A

Number of disease free people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is absolute risk

A

Risk of developing a disease

It has units Eg 50/1000 population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is relative risk

A

Risk in one category compared to another - between 2 groups

Doesn’t have units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do you calculate relative risk

A

Incidence in exposed / incidence in unexposed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does relative risk tell us

A

The strength of association between a risk factor and disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is attributable risk? How do you calculate it?

A

Rate of disease that can be attributed to the exposure

AR = Incidence in exposed - incidence in unexposed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does attributable risk tell us

A

The size and effect of the disease IF causality is assumed

The public health impact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which disease is more common?

AR of A<b>B</b>

A

B is much more common

Higher attributable risk = much more common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the SD form ?

A

The true estimation of the association between exposure and outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does a systematic error lead to?

A

A distortion of the true underlying association

27
Q

What is selection bias

A

Systematic error in the selection of participants or the allocation of participants into different groups

28
Q

What is information bias? Other name? What causes it

A

Systematic error in the measurement or classification of exposure / outcome

Measurement bias
Observer / participant / instrument

29
Q

What is confounding ?

A

A factor associated with the exposure independently influences the outcome but doesn’t lie on the Causal pathway
Eg coffee ->smoking -> lung cancer

30
Q

What are the criteria for causality ?

A

Strength of association - magnitude of relative risk
Dose - higher exposure = higher risk
Consistency - similar results from other research
Temporality - does exposure precede outcome
Reversibility - removal of exposure prevents disease
Biological plausibility - can be explained

31
Q

If a result is not causal what can explain it ?

A

Bias, chance, confounding, reverse causality

32
Q

Basics of cohort

A

Longitudinal
Follows patients
Split into exposure vs not exposed

33
Q

Basics of case control

A

Look at existing cases
Compare with control
Look at HX to see if exposed

34
Q

Rare disease, case control or cohort?

A

Case control

35
Q

What is a cross sectional

A

Data at a specific point in time

36
Q

2 types of ecological study

A

Geographical - prevalence of disease in certain areas

Time trends - prevalence of disease over time

37
Q

How do you calculate odd ratio? What is it?

A

Odds of exposure in cases / odds of exposure in controls

Measure of association between exposure and outcome

38
Q

Formula for odds ratio

A

(A/c) / (b/d)

39
Q

3 parts of health needs assessment

A

Need - ability to benefit from an intervention
Demand - what people ask for
Supply - what is provided

40
Q

What is a health needs assessment?

A

A systematic method for reviewing health issues facing a population, leading to agreed priorities and resource allocation that will improve health and reduce inequalities

41
Q

What is health need? Healthcare need?

A

HN - the need for health - measured in mortality / morbidity
HCN - the need for health care - more specific, the ability to benefit - depends on the potential of prevention and treatment

42
Q

What are the sociological types of need?

A

Felt need - individual perceptions of variation from normal health
Expressed need - seeking to overcome variation
Normative need - professional defines an appropriate intervention
Comparative need - comparison between severity, range of interventions and cost

43
Q

What is the corporate approach to HNA ?

A

Lead by politicians, press, commissioners, patients…

The problems are political agenda

44
Q

What might indicate domestic abuse was occurring in A&E?

A

Injury witnessed by no one else
Repeated attendance for injuries
Delay in seeking health

45
Q

Why is important to to keep health records in DA

A

They used as evidence

46
Q

What things can GPs d for DA?

A

Display - posters/ leaflets -> creates an environment where it can be talked about
Direct - questions, make sure they are non judgemental and reassuring
Information - refer if needed, be clear behaviour is not acceptable
Process - be ready to be part of the process of escaping the abuse by working with other agencies

47
Q

3 levels of DA

A

Standard - current evidence does not indicate risk of harm
Medium - identifiable indicators of risk / harm –> but unlikely without change in circumstances
High - imminent risk of harm that could happen at any time

48
Q

When do you give contact details for domestic abuse services?

A

Medium / high risk

49
Q

Who do you refer to in high risk ? What can you do without consent ?

A

MARAC / IDVAS

Break confidentiality

50
Q

What is MARAC ? What do they do?

A

Multi agency risk assessment conference

One meeting to determine plan for all those involved

51
Q

What do IDVAS do?

A

Work with women of high risk

Provide advice and support through court proceedings, housing options, legal services

52
Q

What do the domestic homicide review do?

A

Independent review when the death of someone over 16 appears to be due to violence / neglect by

  • a person they were related to
  • member of the same household
53
Q

What are the emotional needs in old age?

A 
Security - life can get too regimented to try and protect 
Attention - need to make more effort 
Autonomy and control 
Intimacy
Privacy
Part of a community 
Status
Competence 
Purpose
54
Q

Services for older people

A

Silverline - telephone service
Dementia friends
Men in sheds

Housing - inter generational housing, co-housing

Self help - mindfulness

55
Q

Top 2 causes for homelessness?

A

Eviction - due to private landlords

Relationship breakdown

56
Q

Egs of some contributory factors associated with homelessness

A

Unemployment, addiction (drug / gambling/ alcohol…), domestic violence

57
Q

3 groups who are over represented in homelessness?

A

Care leavers, ex prison, veterans

58
Q

What is the inverse care law

A

The availability of good medical / social care tends to vary inversely with the health need of a population

59
Q

Barriers to accessing healthcare by vulnerable groups

A

Perception - no address -> think they cant visit GP
Not prioritising illness
Disability
Language / cultural

60
Q

Common health problems in vulnerable groups

A

Diseases of neglect / poverty

0 malnutrition, infectious disease (resp/sexual), intoxication, dental health, injection site infections / vascular

61
Q

Three factors that impact heavily on traveller populations

A

Lack of education -> literacy
Smoking
Antenatal care

62
Q

What is an asylum seeker? Common places they are from?

A

Someone requesting refugee status

Anywhere with war

63
Q

What 3 things are asylum seekers entitled to? What are they not? Common diseases?

A

Healthcare, housing, small benefit (£35/week), <18-get education

Look for a job / work

Mental health / PTSD, diseases of poverty and neglect

GP (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions