Public health Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three domains of public health

A
  • Health protection (eg. from infectious diseases, occupational health, envmtal health)
  • Health services (eg health systems, care groups)
  • Health improvement (psychosocial aspects, health determinants)
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2
Q

Name 5 social determinants on health

A
  • Income
  • Housing
  • Education
  • Access to affordable health services
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3
Q

What is health policy

A
  • Decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken to achieve specific health goals within a society
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4
Q

What are the benefits and drawbacks of using targets

A

Benefits
- Formulating targets can give INSIGHT into the health of the population and reveal GAPS in knowledge
- Support PRIORITY setting process and supply concrete milestones for evaluation
- Increase the TRANSPARENCY of health policy

Drawbacks:
- society is not completely malleable - people have FREE WILL
- TIME lag between action and outcome
- Not ambitious enough
- Overambitious
- Too many
- Tick-box culture

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5
Q

What is health promotion

A

The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. Moves beyond individual behaviour and towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions.

Health education on the other hand focuses more on individual behaviour change

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6
Q

APPROACHES TO HEALTH PROMOTION
- Discuss the population vs high risk approach in impacting health

A
  • Shifting the whole population into a lower risk category has greater impact than shifting high risk individuals into a lower risk category
  • Eg pneumococcal vaccine
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7
Q

Provide examples of upstream and downstream approached

A

Upstream - policy (eg. local employment programme, tax, neighbourhood renewal)

Downstream - individual behaviour (eg. health education, behaviour change programmes)

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7
Q

What are some of the harms of using scary messages?

A
  • Can lead to people becoming fearful and over-anxious about hazards in daily life - sense of powerlessness
  • Stigmatising and victimbkaming
  • Activity may sound exciting
  • The surrender - “everything causes cancer so why bother”
  • Increase health inequalities
  • Imaginary peers

Campaigns that do not use fear are effective if they: are positive, empower people

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8
Q

How does the tobacco industry impact on government’s financially?

A

While it is a source of givernment revenue through tobacco taxes and additional profit for those countries with state-owned tobacco companies –> Ultimately it is a financial burden on govmts and health care systmes of countries

Eg. in China the tobacco industry contributes over 7% of the central givmt;s revenue eveyr year

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9
Q

What has been the most effective intervention to reduce demand for tobacco?

A
  • Tax increases

Other factord/approaches:
- Improvements in quality/extent of info, comprehensive bans on tobacco advertising and promotion, prominent warning labels, restrictions on smoking in public places, increased access to NRT

–> However. note that LMIC will need support to change to another type of farming
–> But economic losses offset by gains from improved health at household/national level

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10
Q

Tobacco control in LMIC

A
  • Spending on tobacco reduces money available for food
  • Linked to increased risk of malnutrition in the family
  • In the country where poor people are likely to smoke, tobacco taxes can be regressive
  • However if increasing taxation = smokers quitting = tax increase will reduce family’s overall tax burden
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11
Q

What responsibility can individuals vs environment/policy take on reducing obesity?

A

INDIVIDUAL
- Limit energy intake from total fats/sugars
- Eat more veggies etc
- Physical activity

ENVIRONMENT/POLICY
- Make healthier choices more accessible, especially for the poorest individuals
- Educate
- Legislate for the above
- Transport policy
- Legislate the food industry
- ENgage with media
- Sport in schools
- Safe cycling

WHO recommendations
- Promote breastfeeding
- Limit portion and package size to reduce energy intake
- Implement subsidies to increase the intake of fruits and veg
- Replace trans fats + saturated fats with unsaturated

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12
Q

Define equity

A

The abscence of avoidable differences among groups of people, whether the groups are defined socially, geographically, demographically or economically

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13
Q

Define gender equality and gender equity

A

Gender equality = the equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities of women + men, girls/boys

Gender equity = fairness of treatment for women and men, according to their respective needs

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14
Q

What are some recommendations for tacking the gender dimensions of NTDs

A
  1. Account for how gender-related division of labour, everyday practices, social norms and beliefs within and beyond the household impact NTD risk
  2. Account for how gender impacts the accessibility and acceptability of treatment
    - Preventative chemotherapy
    - MDA
    - Intensified case mx
  3. Address gender-related STIGMA and mental health impacts (marriage prospects etc)
  4. Collect and use gender-sensitive and sex-disaggregated data and implementation research to continuously improve NTD programming and ensure equity
  5. Take a health systems approach
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15
Q

What is an outbreak

A

An unusual number of cases of a disease for that time period in a specific geographical area

16
Q

What are the 10 steps of an outbreak ix

A
  1. Preparation
  2. Establish existence of outbreak
  3. Verify diagnosis
  4. Define & identify cases
    * Construct working case definition (CD)
    * Find systematically cases & record information
  5. Perform descriptive epidemiology
    * Time, place, person
  6. Develop hypotheses
  7. Evaluate & refine hypotheses
    * studies (epi, lab, environmental)
  8. Implement control & prevention measures
  9. Initiate/reinforce surveillance actvities
  10. Communicate findings