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Public health Flashcards

1
Q

What steps had been taken in order to provide healthcare to Britain 1914

A

Compulsory national health insurance
Numerous private charitable groups that paid for healthcare costs
The poor law
Workhouses had infirmaries which eventually became hospitals

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2
Q

How did the 1911 liberal system of national health insurance work

A

Compulsory system
Employees earning under £160 a year paid into a scheme which provided sick pay

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3
Q

What were some drawbacks to the 1911 healthcare system

A

Act only applied to wage-earners and the unemployed
Did not include families of wage earners

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4
Q

What was the poor law

A

Created new administrative systems to oversee the relief provided to those in need

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5
Q

What was the consensus of what the government should do in healthcare during the interwar years

A

Invest in research and medical training
Organise a national network of hospitals
Ration healthcare

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6
Q

When was the ministry of health established

A

1919

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7
Q

What was the ministry of health initially responsible for

A

Co-ordinating health at a regional level
Administering funds raised by the NH insurance scheme

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8
Q

Who was the first minister of health

A

Christopher Addison

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9
Q

What did Christopher Addison the first minister of health do

A

Organised medical care for troops on the front lines
A strong advocate for regional health services

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10
Q

Arthur Morgan

What was the most serious health problem post-WW1

A

Tuberculosis

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11
Q

What did the 1919 Ministry of health act create

A

The Medical Research Council MRC

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12
Q

Why was MRC established

A

in order to research causes of TB

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13
Q

What did the Tuberculosis act of 1921 do

A

Made the provision of TB sanatoria by local authorities compulsory

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14
Q

Who formed the local government act 1929

A

Minister of Health Neville Chamberlain

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15
Q

What did the 1929 government act do for healthcare

A

Passed responsibility for poor law hospitals to county and borough councils
Allowed the conversion of poor law infirmaries into public hospitals
Gave local authorities responsibility for other areas of public health

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16
Q

(6)

What areas of responsibility for public health were local governments given

A

venereal disease
clinics
child welfare
dentistry
school medical services
school meals

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17
Q

What did Chamberlain’s local gov act lead to

A

Reorganisation of healthcare on a regional scale

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18
Q

What amount of population was insured against illness in 1929

A

Less than half the country’s total population

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19
Q

What consensus on bringing out healthcare was reached in the 1930s

A

Current system was inefficient, varied in quality and failed to meet needs

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20
Q

Why were there innovations in healthcare during the 1930s

A

Because of what the first world war had taught the country about diet and fitness

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21
Q

What was the ministry of healths priority in the 1930s

A

Hospital funding

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22
Q

What did local authority hospitals start to focus on in the 1930s

A

Improving peoples diet and hygiene

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23
Q

What was a key indicator in improving healthcare by the end of the 1930s

A

Infant mortality had declined

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24
Q

How much did infant mortality decline by 1939 in England and Wales

A

1906-1910: 14.3 in every 1000 infants died
1936-1939: 12 in every 1000 infants died

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25
What areas didn't see a decline in infant mortality rates in 1930s
Areas affililiated by extreme poverty
26
What was healthcare established for WW2
Nationwide emergency healthcare system
27
When was the emergency medical service founded
1939
28
Why was the emergency medical service founded
Provide first aid and casualty clearing for people in air raids
29
What resulted due to the emergency medical service
Resulted in pooling of resources, skills and expertise Allowed gov to dictate a hospitals activites
30
How did WW2 lead to a change in the attitudes to medicine
Doctors no longer preferred to stay independent New funding and gov organisation made state work attractive
31
What did the 1944 white paper on health declare
a new national system paid for from general taxation
32
Why was the NHS confirmed to happen after the war
Both the tories and labour promised to make it in their manifesto
33
When was the national health service act
1946
34
What was established in the national health service act
Healthcare was universal Healthcare would be comprehensive Healthcare would be free
35
What would NHS offer in terms of comprehensive healthcare initially
curative and preventive care mental and physical care hospital care dental care general surgeries specialist areas
36
How did Bevan create a nationalised but regionalised healthcare system
All existing hospitals were nationalised NHS hospitals would be run by regional health boards
37
What compromises did Bevan make in order to get doctors on board with the NHS
Consultants allowed to continue working privately GPs able to avoid becoming local authority employees Regional health boards appointed not elected
38
What type of system was the NHS initially
Tripartite system
39
What 3 tiers was the NHS comprised of
Hospital services Primary care Community services
40
How did Macmillan reform the NHS
introduced hospital plan in 1962
41
What was hospital plan 1962
Created 90 new hospitals Modernised 134 hospitals Refurbished 356 new hospitals
42
How did Keith Joseph reorganise the NHS
Introduced the NHS reorganisation act 1972
43
What did the NHS reorganisation act 1972 do
introduced a new management structure to the NHS
44
Was the NHS effective
Proved to be remarkably effective at improving physical health
45
How did the NHS reflect the inequalities in society
middle classes received better treatment than working class people Men received a better deal than women
46
How much did life expectancy increase for men between 1948 and 1979
65.8 years - 71 years
47
How much did life expectancy increase for women between 1948 and 1979
60.1 years - 77 years
48
What did the 1979 Merrison report argue
Hospitals received around 70% of NHS funding Other areas received much less
49
How did the middle class benefit more than the working class
Investment in WC areas lagged behind Budget allocations favoured more MC areas in
50
What did the 1980 Black report reveal
Gap between MC and WC grew By 1970s WC women twice as likely to die in childbirth than MC Unskilled working men twice as likely to die before the age of 65
51
What areas did the NHS have an impact on women
Reproduction Abortion Childbirth Work
52
How did the NHS help women in terms of reproduction
Gave them greater control over their fertility Led to a decline in birth rates
53
When was the contraceptive pill introduced
1961
54
When did contraception become free from the NHS
From the 1970s
55
What were some drawbacks to the availability of the contraceptive pill
Early contraceptive pills increased stroke and cancer risks Men tended to take less responsibility for contraception
56
When was the abortions act
1967
57
What did the 1967 abortions act do
Gave women the right to terminate a pregnancy
58
What were some drawbacks to the 1967 abortions act
Dependent on the approval of two typically male doctors Medical staff had the legal right to refuse participation in terminations
59
How many abortions occurred 1968-1978
1.5 million
60
What percentage of abortions were carried out privately 1968-1978 and how much did it cost
58% were performed privately Cost around £200 per procedure
61
How many people died of legal abortions 1968-1978
86
62
How many women gave birth in hospitals in 1950
60% of women
63
How many women gave birth in hospitals in 1978
97%
64
How many women were given an episiotomy during hospital births
70-90% of women
65
What were some issues of episiotomy
Led to pain whilst sitting for 68% of women Often done without the woman's consent Longer recovery times during childbirth
66
How did the NHS help women in work
Created a a state-funded caring profession allowing women to become the majority in care work -nursing
67
What were some challenges of medical advances 1945-1979
NHS effectiveness led to higher expectations Longer lives led to an elderly population with its own health needs Increasing pressure to deliver more services
68
What was the increase in prescriptions at chemist pre and post NHS
6.8 million given pre 13.6 million given post
69
What did the pharmacological revolution mean 1949-1964
more medicines available Increase in NHS drug costs NHS spent 250% more on drugs 1964 vs 1951
70
What vaccines were given out in 1964
TB Diphtheria Poliomyelitis Whooping cough tetanus
71
What did the 1959 Younghusband report mean
The NHS started offering chiropody services
72
How did patients feel about the NHS compared to pre-ww2 health
Far superior Prepared to tolerate any issues in the NHS
73
What were issues in investment for NHS 1940-1968
very little investing in hospitals
74
How much did NHS spending increase annually in the 1960s
Increased an average of 4.5%
75
What did the greater funding in the NHS reflect
The greater demands on the NHS
76
In the 1960s what were some areas the NHS could offer
Kidney dialysis Catheters Organ transplants
77
Why did new treatments in the 1960s lead to more staffing
Required expensive technologies and specially trained staff
78
How much did the number of nursing staff and consultants increase 1964-1979
66%
79
How much did the number of technical staff increase 1964-1979
300%
80
How many staff members did the NHS have 1951
407000
81
How many staff members did the NHS have 1979
1 million
82
How many people were of retirement age 1951
7 million
83
How many people were of retirement age 1971
9 million
84
How many hip replacements were formed in 1979
24,000
85
What did the 1967 family plannings act do for the NHS
made family planning advice available to all women
86
What happened to the 1967 family plannings act
Reversed by Tories in 1972 Reinstated by labour om 1974

History topic 1 (12 decks)

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