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History topic 1 > Public health > Flashcards

Public health Flashcards

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1
Q

What steps had been taken in order to provide healthcare to Britain

A

Compulsory national health insurance
Numerous private charitable groups that paid for healthcare costs
The poor law
Workhouses had infirmaries which eventually became hospitals

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2
Q

How did the 1911 liberal system of national health insurance work

A

Compulsory system
Employees earning under £160 a year paid into a scheme which provided sick pay

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3
Q

What were some drawbacks to the 1911 healthcare system

A

Act only applied to wage-earners and the unemployed
Did not include families of wage earners

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4
Q

What was the poor law

A

Created new administrative systems to oversee the relief provided to those in need

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5
Q

What was the consensus of what the government should do in healthcare during the interwar years

A

Invest in research and medical training
Organise a national network of hospitals
Ration healthcare

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6
Q

When was the ministry of health established

A

1919

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7
Q

What was the ministry of health initially responsible for

A

Co-ordinating health at a regional level
Administering funds raised by the NH insurance scheme

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8
Q

Who was the first minister of health

A

Christopher Addison

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9
Q

What did Christopher Addison the first minister of health do

A

Organised medical care for troops on the front lines
A strong advocate for regional health services

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10
Q

What was the most serious health problem post-WWQ

A

Tuberculosis

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11
Q

What did the 1919 Ministry of health act create

A

The Medical Research Council MRC

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12
Q

Why was MRC established

A

in order to research causes of TB

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13
Q

What did the Tuberculosis act of 1921 do

A

Made the provision of TB sanatoria by local authorities compulsory

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14
Q

Who formed the local government act 1929

A

Minister of Health Neville Chamberlain

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15
Q

What did the 1929 government act do for healthcare

A

Passed responsibility for poor law hospitals to county and borough councils
Allowed the conversion of poor law infirmaries into public hospitals
Gave local authorities responsibility for other areas of public health

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16
Q

What areas of responsibility for public health were local governments given

A

venereal disease
clinics
child welfare
dentistry
school medical services
school meals

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17
Q

What did Chamberlain’s local gov act lead to

A

Reorganisation of healthcare on a regional scale

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18
Q

What amount of population was insured against illness in 1929

A

Less than half the country’s total population

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19
Q

What consensus on bringing out healthcare was reached in the 1930s

A

Current system was inefficient, varied in quality and failed to meet needs

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20
Q

Why were there innovations in healthcare during the 1930s

A

Because of what the first world war had taught the country about diet and fitness

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21
Q

What was the ministry of healths priority in the 1930s

A

Hospital funding

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22
Q

What did local authority hospitals start to focus on in the 1930s

A

Improving peoples diet and hygiene

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23
Q

What was a key indicator in improving healthcare by the end of the 1930s

A

Infant mortality had declined

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24
Q

How much did infant mortality decline by 1939 in England and Wales

A

1906-1910: 14.3 in every 1000 infants died
1936-1939: 12 in every 1000 infants died

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25
Q

What areas didn’t see a decline in infant mortality rates in 1930s

A

Areas affililiated by extreme poverty

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26
Q

What was healthcare was established for WW2

A

Nationwide emergency healthcare system

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27
Q

When was the emergency medical service founded

A

1939

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28
Q

Why was the emergency medical service founded

A

Provide first aid and casualty clearing for people in air raids

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29
Q

What resulted due to the emergency medical service

A

Resulted in pooling of resources, skills and expertise
Allowed gov to dictate a hospitals activites

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30
Q

How did WW2 lead to a change in the attitudes to medicine

A

Doctors no longer preferred to stay independent
New funding and gov organisation made state work attractive

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31
Q

What did the 1944 white paper on health declare

A

a new national system paid for from general taxation

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32
Q

Why was the NHS confirmed to happen after the war

A

Both the tories and labour promised to make it in their manifesto

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33
Q

When was the national health service act

A

1946

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34
Q

What was established in the national health service act

A

Healthcare was universal
Healthcare would be comprehensive
Healthcare would be free

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35
Q

What would NHS offer in terms of comprehensive healthcare initially

A

curative and preventive care
mental and physical care
hospital care
dental care
general surgeries
specialist areas

36
Q

How did Bevan create a nationalised but regionalised healthcare system

A

All existing hospitals were nationalised
NHS hospitals would be run by regional health boards

37
Q

What compromises did Bevan make in order to get doctors on board with the NHS

A

Consultants allowed to continue working privately
GPs able to avoid becoming local authority employees
Regional health boards appointed not elected

38
Q

What type of system was the NHS initially

A

Tripartite system

39
Q

What 3 tiers was the NHS comprised of

A

Hospital services
Primary care
Community services

40
Q

How did Macmillan reform the NHS

A

introduced hospital plan in 1962

41
Q

What was hospital plan 1962

A

Created 90 new hospitals
Modernised 134 hospitals
Refurbished 356 new hospitals

42
Q

How did Keith Joseph reorganise the NHS

A

Introduced the NHS reorganisation act 1972

43
Q

What did the NHS reorganisation act 1972 do

A

introduced a new management structure to the NHS

44
Q

Was the NHS effective

A

Proved to be remarkably effective at improving physical health

45
Q

How did the NHS reflect the inequalities in society

A

middle classes received better treatment than working class people
Men received a better deal than women

46
Q

How much did life expectancy increase for men between 1948 and 1979

A

65.8 years - 71 years

47
Q

How much did life expectancy increase for women between 1948 and 1979

A

60.1 years - 77 years

48
Q

What did the 1979 Merrison report agure

A

Hospitals received around 70% of NHS funding
Other areas received much less

49
Q

How did the middle class benefit more than the working class

A

Investment in WC areas lagged behind
Budget allocations favoured more MC areas in

50
Q

What did the 1980 Black report reveal

A

Gap between MC and WC grew
By 1970s WC women twice as likely to die in childbirth than MC
Unskilled working men twice as likely to die before the age of 65

51
Q

What areas did the NHS have an impact on women

A

Reproduction
Abortion
Childbirth
Work

52
Q

How did the NHS help women in terms of reproduction

A

Gave them greater control over their fertility
Led to a decline in birth rates

53
Q

When was the contraceptive pill introduced

A

1961

54
Q

When did contraception become free from the NHS

A

From the 1970s

55
Q

What were some drawbacks to the availability of the contraceptive pill

A

Early contraceptive pills increased stroke and cancer risks
Men tended to take less responsibility for contraception

56
Q

When was the abortions act

A

1967

57
Q

What did the 1967 abortions act do

A

Gave women the right to terminate a pregnancy

58
Q

What were some drawbacks to the 1967 abortions act

A

Dependent on the approval of two typically male doctors
Medical staff had the legal right to refuse participation in terminations

59
Q

How many abortions occurred 1968-1978

A

1.5 million

60
Q

What percentage of abortions were carried out privately 1968-1978 and how much did it cost

A

58% were performed privately
Cost around £200 per procedure

61
Q

How many people died of legal abortions 1968-1978

A

86

62
Q

How many women gave birth in hospitals in 1950

A

60% of women

63
Q

How many women gave birth in hospitals in 1978

A

97%

64
Q

How many women were given an episiotomy during hospital births

A

70-90% of women

65
Q

What were some issues of episiotomy

A

Led to pain whilst sitting for 68% of women
Often done without the woman’s consent
Longer recovery times during childbirth

66
Q

How did the NHS help women in work

A

Created a a state-funded caring profession allowing women to become the majority in care work -nursing

67
Q

What were some challenges of medical advances 1945-1979

A

NHS effectiveness led to higher expectations
Longer lives led to an elderly population with its own health needs
Increasing pressure to deliver more services

68
Q

What was the increase in prescriptions at chemist pre and post NHS

A

6.8 million given pre
13.6 million given post

69
Q

What did the pharmacological revolution mean 1949-1964

A

more medicines available
Increase in NHS drug costs
NHS spent 250% more on drugs 1964 vs 1951

70
Q

What vaccines were given out in 1964

A

TB
Diphtheria
Poliomyelitis
Whooping cough
tetanus

71
Q

What did the 1959 Younghusband report mean

A

The NHS started offering chiropody services

72
Q

How did patients feel about the NHS compared to pre-ww2 health

A

Far superior
Prepared to tolerate any issues in the NHS

73
Q

What were issues in investment for NSH 1940-1968

A

very little investing in hospitals

74
Q

How much did NHS spending increase annually in the 1960s

A

Increased an average of 4.5%

75
Q

What did the greater funding in the NHS reflect

A

The greater demands on the NHS

76
Q

In the 1960s what were some areas the NHS could offer

A

Kidney dialysis
Catheters
Organ transplants

77
Q

Why did new treatments in the 1960s lead to more staffing

A

Required expensive technologies and specially trained staff

78
Q

How much did the number of nursing staff and consultants increase 1964-1979

A

66%

79
Q

How much did the number of technical staff increase 1964-1979

A

300%

80
Q

How many staff members did the NHS have 1951

A

407000

81
Q

How many staff members did the NHS have 1979

A

1 million

82
Q

How many people were of retirement age 1951

A

7 million

83
Q

How many people were of retirement age 1971

A

9 million

84
Q

How many hip replacements were formed in 1979

A

24,000

85
Q

What did the 1967 family plannings act do for he NHS

A

made family planning advice available to all women

86
Q

What happened to the 1967 family plannings act

A

Reversed by Tories in 1972
Reinstated by labour om 1974

87
Q
A

History topic 1 (12 decks)

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