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Phase 3a General Practice and Community > Public Health > Flashcards

Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between equity and equality?

A
  • Equity = about what is fair and just
  • Equality = concerned with equal shares
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2
Q

Define horizontal equity and an example

A

Equal treatment for equal need
E.g. Individuals with pneumonia (with all other things being equal) should be treated equally

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3
Q

Define vertical equity and an example

A

Unequal treatment for unequal need
E.g. Individuals with common cold vs pneumonia need unequal treatment
E.g. Areas with poorer health may need higher expenditure on health services

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4
Q

What are some different forms of health equity?

A
  • Equal expenditure for equal need
  • Equal access for equal need
  • Equal utilisation for equal need
  • Equal health care outcome for equal need
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5
Q

What are the two classifications (/dimensions) of health equity?

A

SPATIAL + SOCIAL

Spatial (geopgraphical)
Social
* Age
* Gender
* Socioeconomic
* Ethnicity

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6
Q

How can health equity be examined in terms of?

A
  • Supply of health care
  • Access to health care
  • Utilisation of health care
  • Health care outcomes
  • Health status
  • Resource allocation (health services + others (education, housing etc))
  • Wider determinants of health (e.g. diet, smoking, healthcare seeking behaviour, socioeconomic and physical environment)
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7
Q

What are the 3 domains of public health practice?

A
  • Health improvement
  • Health protection
  • Healthcare
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8
Q

What is health improvement concerned with?
(Three domains of public health practice)

A

Health imporvement = Concerned with societal interventions (not primarily delivered through health services) aimed at preventing disease, promoting health, and reducing inequalities

  • Inequalities
  • Education
  • Housing
  • Employment
  • Lifestyles
  • Family/community
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9
Q

What is health protection concerned with?
(Three domains of public health practice)

A

Health protection = Concerned with measures to control infectious disease risks and environmental hazards

  • Infectious diseases
  • Chemicals and poisons
  • Radiation
  • Emergency response
  • Environmental health hazards
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10
Q

What is healthcare concerned with?
(Three domains of public health practice)

A

Healthcare = Concerned with the organisation and delivery of safe, high quality services for prevention, treatment, and care

  • Clinical effectiveness
  • Efficiency
  • Service planning
  • Audit and evaluation
  • Clinical governance
  • Equity
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11
Q

What type of interventions can improve public health?

A
  • Health service / public health interventions
  • Non-health interventions (e.g. improving the economy and social conditions) which also have an impact on public health
  • Co-produced/empowerment led (e.g. neighbourhood schemes)
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12
Q

At what levels can interventions to improve public health be classed as?

A
  • Individual level (e.g. childhood immunisation - the injection is delivered to each individual child)
  • Community level (delivered at the local or community level, e.g. playground set up for the local community)
  • Ecological (population) level (e.g. Clean Air Act; Legislation to ban smoking in enclosed public places. These are general interventions and not specifically delivered at the individual level.)
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13
Q

What are the determinants of health according to the Lalonde Report (1974)?

A
  • Environment (physical, social, economic)
  • Genetic
  • Lifestyle
  • Healthcare access
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14
Q

What are the categories of publich health prevention?

A
  • Primordial
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
  • Quaternary
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15
Q

What are the health status for each public health prevention categories? Give the implications

A
  • Primordial → healthy not at risk → prevent risk developing
  • Primary → at risk → prevent problem when risk(s) exist(s)
  • Secondary → has the condition or disease → prevent progression
  • Teriary → has condition or disease → prevent worst outcome or complications
  • Quaternary → Has condition or disease → prevent over treatment
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16
Q

Bradshaw’s taxonomy of social need components
(Sociological perception of need)

A
  • Felt: Individual perceptions of variation from normal health
  • Expressed: Individual seeks help to overcome variation in normal health (demand)
  • Normative: Professional defines intervention appropriate for the expressed need
  • Comparative: Comparison between severity, range of interventions and cost
17
Q

Define demand/want, need and supply

A
  • Demand/want = what people ask for
  • Need = ability to benefit from an intervention
  • Supply = what we actually provide
18
Q

What is the Inverse Care Law?

A

‘the availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for it in the population served.’

19
Q

What are the three main approaches to Health Needs Assessment?

A
  • Epidemiological
  • Corporate
  • Comparative
20
Q

What is meant by an epidemiological approach to a Health Needs Assessment?

A

This approach focuses on analyzing the distribution and determinants of health and illness within populations.

It involves studying patterns of disease occurrence, risk factors, and the impact of interventions on public health outcomes.

Epidemiological assessments use data such as morbidity, mortality, and risk factor prevalence to identify health needs and prioritize interventions.

21
Q

What is meant by an corporate approach to a Health Needs Assessment?

A

It involves assessing health needs within specific organizations or institutions, such as hospitals, workplaces, or schools.

It aims to identify the health requirements of a particular group or community served by the organization and develop tailored interventions to address those needs.

This approach often involves collaboration between health professionals, administrators, and stakeholders within the organization.

22
Q

What is meant by an comparative approach to a Health Needs Assessment?

A

It involves comparing health needs and outcomes across different populations, regions, or countries.

It aims to understand disparities in health status, healthcare access, and outcomes between various groups.

By identifying variations in health needs and outcomes, policymakers can develop strategies to reduce inequalities and improve overall population health.

23
Q

Give three potential limitations of the epidemiological approach to health needs assessment.

A
  • Limited scope of data (often rely on existing records, surverys etc). Certain health issues or populations may be underrepresented or overlooked
  • Inadequate consideration of social determinants
  • Difficulty in predicting future needs
24
Q

Name a framework for a Health Needs Assessment

A
  • Two stage HNA framework (Harvery and Taylor 2013) - epidemiological
  • Five stage (Cavanagh & Chadwick 2005) - epidemiological, corporate, comparative
  • Developmental approaches to HNA (Harvery & Taylor (2013)) - corporate

Phase 3a General Practice and Community (14 decks)

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