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FINALS: PASSMED/QUESMED > Public Health > Flashcards

Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of prevention?

A

Primary - prevent it occuring
Secondary - detect in early phase
Tertiary - slow down disease progression

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2
Q

What is prevention paradox?

A

Preventative measure which brings benefit to population but little to each individual

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3
Q

What is sensitivity formula?

A

True positive / (true positive + false negatives)

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4
Q

What is specificity formula?

A

True negatives / (true negatives + false positives)

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5
Q

What is positive predictive value formula?

A

True positive / (true positive + false positives)

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6
Q

What is negative predictive value formula?

A

True negative / (True negative + false negatives)

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7
Q

What is ecological study?

A

Observational study of case reports of groups rather than individuals -> no causation

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8
Q

What is a cross-sectional study?

A

Study used to generate hypotheses by looking at population at ONE point in time -> cannot assess incidence + recall bias

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9
Q

What is a case control study?

A

Retrospective study which matches people with and without the disease to a factor -> cannot assess causation and recall bias

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10
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

Prospective study which can establish causation -> takes a long time

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11
Q

What is an RCT?

A

Randomising control and intervention groups and measuring outcomes -> time consuming and expensive

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12
Q

What is incidence?

A

Number of new cases of a disease in a population

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13
Q

What is prevalence?

A

Total number of people in a population at one point in time

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14
Q

What is relative risk?

A

Incidence in exposed / unexposed

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15
Q

What is attributable risk?

A

Incidence in exposed - incidence in unexposed

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16
Q

What is relative risk reduction?

A

(Incidence in unexposed - exposed) / incidence in unexposed

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17
Q

What is absolute risk reduction?

A

Incidence in unexposed - incidence in exposed

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18
Q

What is odds?

A

Probability / (1 - probability)

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19
Q

What is odds ratio?

A

(P exposed ÷ [1 – P exposed]) ÷ (P unexposed ÷ [1 – P unexposed])

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20
Q

What is number needed to treat?

A

1 / (incidence in unexposed - incidence in exposed)

21
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

Study of how genes interact with environment

22
Q

What are the 3 concerns of public health?

A
  • Inequalities
  • Wider determinants of health
  • Prevention
23
Q

What are the 3 domains of public health?

A
  • Improvement
  • Protection
  • Improving services
24
Q

What is equality vs equity?

A

Equality - concerned with equal shares
Equity - concerned with what is fair and just

25
Q

What is horizontal vs vertical equity?

A

Horizontal - equal treatment for equal need
Vertical - unequal treatment for unequal need

26
Q

What are the Fraser guidelines?

A
  • Understand advice
  • Cannot be persuaded to inform parents
  • They will continue to have sex without contraception
  • Physical/Mental health may suffer without contraception
  • Best interest of patient
27
Q

What are the 3 things needed for DOLS?

A
  • Patient is under continuous supervision and control
  • Person is not free to leave
  • Person lacks capacity to consent to this
28
Q

What are screening tests in pregnancy?

A
  • Hep B
  • HIV
  • Syphilis
  • Downs, Edwards, Patau
  • Sickle cell and thalassaemia
29
Q

What are newborn screening?

A
  • NIPE
  • Hearing
  • Heel prick
30
Q

What are the adult screening programmes?

A
  • Diabetic eye
  • Cervical
  • Breast
  • Bowel
  • AAA
31
Q

What is selection bias?

A

Error in assigning individuals to groups may lead to differences which influence outcomes

32
Q

What is lead time bias?

A

When screening identifies outcomes earlier than they would have resulting in an apparent increase in survival time but it has no effect on outcomes

33
Q

What are the phases of clinical trials?

A

1 - safety assessment on healthy volunteers
2 - Assess efficacy on those with disease
3 - Large scaled RCT to assess effectiveness
4 - Post marketing surveillance

34
Q

What is confounding bias?

A

A factor which is associated with what you are looking at and independently influences outcome but is not considered in the study

35
Q

What are examples of parametric (can be measured) tests?

A
  • T-test
  • Pearon’s product moment coefficient
36
Q

What are non parametric (cannot be measured) tests?

A
  • Mann-Whitney U test (compares
  • Chi-squared test (compare proprtions/percentages)
  • Spearman rank
37
Q

What is a Bolam and Bolitho test?

A

Bolam: A test used to judge the expected standard for doctor
If they do not meet the standards then the Bolitho test is used
Bolitho: scrutinise actions to see if they are logical

38
Q

What is important about DNACPR?

A

It is not legally binding -> a decision can overrule this if CPR is now in best interests

39
Q

What is an advanced decision?

A

A legally binding document to refuse treatment they do not want to happen

40
Q

What are the important criteria around advanced decisions?

A
  • Had capacity
  • Over 18
  • Written down and witnessed
  • Cannot include basic care like washing. pain relief etc
41
Q

What is an advanced statement?

A

A statement of wishes, beliefs and values around their future care which is not legally binding but should be considered when making best interests decisions under Capacity Act

42
Q

What is a doctrine of double effect?

A

Accept an action if the intention is good even if it may lead to harm

43
Q

What are the key principles of the capacity act?

A
  • Capacity is assumed
  • Individuals should be enabled people to make their own decisions
  • They can make unwise decisions
  • Decisions must be made in their best interests
  • Least restrictive option should be used
44
Q

What do Box and Whisker plots show?

A

Box - median and 2 quartiles
Whiskers - 1st and last data value

45
Q

What are type 1 and type 2 errors?

A

Type 1 - rejecting a null hypothesis when it is true
Type 2 - failing to reject a null hypothesis when it is false

46
Q

What is validity?

A

How accurately a study measures what it is supposed to

47
Q

What is reliability?

A

How consistent the results are

48
Q

What is attrition bias?

A

Skew in data due to a systematic issue in study e.g. people dropping out

FINALS: PASSMED/QUESMED (22 decks)

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