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Phase 3a > public health > Flashcards

public health Flashcards

1
Q

what are the dimensions of quality Maxwell designed

A

acceptability
accessability
appropriateness
effectiveness
efficiency
equity

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2
Q

what is attributable risk

A

rate of disease in the exposed that may be attributed to the exposure
(incidence in exposed - incidence in unexposed)

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3
Q

what is relative risk

A

ratio of rate of disease in exposed to unexposed
(exposed/unexposed)

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4
Q

what is the basis of the Health Belief Model

A

that individuals will change if:
- they believe they’re susceptible to the disease
- it has serious consequences
- that taking action reduces susceptibility
- benefits of taking action outweigh the costs

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5
Q

what is the theory of planned behaviour

A

best predictor of behaviour is intention, determined by:
- attitudes
- subjective norm
- perceived behavioural control

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6
Q

in the theory of planned behaviour, what helps bridge the gap between intention and behaviour

A

perceived control
anticipatory regret
preparatory actions
implementery intentions
relevance to self

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7
Q

what is the transtheoretical model

A

individuals located at discrete ordered stages rather than on a continuum
- precontemplation
- contemplation
- preparation
- action
- maintenance

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8
Q

what are the 3 main categories of health behaviour

A

health - aimed to prevent disease
illness - aimed to seek remedy
sick role - aimed at getting well

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9
Q

what are the different types of need (Bradshaw)

A

felt - individuals perceptions of deviation from normal health
expressed - seeking help to overcome variation in normal health
normative - professional defines intervention for expressed need
comparative - between severity, cost and range of interventions

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10
Q

categories in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

self-actualisation
esteem
love and belonging
safety needs
physiological needs

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11
Q

what are the components of a health needs assessment

A

epidemiological - defines problem and size, looks at current services, recommends improvement
comparative - compares services received from other populations
corporate - takes into account views of interested groups

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12
Q

what are the 3 types of resource allocation

A

egalitarian
maximising
libertarian

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13
Q

what is egalitarian resource allocation and give 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage for it

A

provide all care that is necessary and required to everyone
ADV - equal
DADV - economically restricted

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14
Q

what is maximising resource allocation and give 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage for it

A

based solely on consequence
ADV - resources allocated to those likely to receive the most benefit
DADV - those with less need receive nothing

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15
Q

what is libertarian resource allocation and give 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage for it

A

each individual is responsible for their own health
ADV - onus on patient therefore may be more engaged
DADV - not all diseases are self-inflicted

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16
Q

advantages of a case control study

A

good for rare outcomes
quick as outcome already happened
can investigate multiple exposures

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17
Q

advantages of a cohort study

A

can follow up a group with a rare exposure
good for common and multiple outcomes
less risk of selection or recall bias

18
Q

disadvantages of a cohort study

A

takes a long time
loss to follow ups
needs large sample size

19
Q

advantages of a cross-sectional study

A

relatively quick and cheap
provide data on prevalence at a single point in time
large sample size
good for surveillance and public health planning

20
Q

disadvantages of a cross sectional study

A

risk of reverse causality
cannot measure incidence
risk of recall bias and non-response

21
Q

advantages of an RCT

A

low risk of bias and confounding factors
can infer causality

22
Q

disadvantages of an RCT

A

time consuming
expensive
needs specific inclusions/exclusion criteria

23
Q

what 5 things can association be due to

A

chance
bias
confounding
reverse causality
true causal association

24
Q

what is sensitivity in regards to screening

A

proportion of those with the disease correctly identified by the test
a/a+c

25
Q

what is specificity in regards to screening

A

proportion of those without the disease who are correctly excluded by the test
b/b+d

26
Q

what is positive predictive value in regards to screening

A

proportion of those with a positive test who actually have the disease
a/a+b

27
Q

what is negative predictive value in regards to screening

A

proportion of those with a negative test who do not have the disease
d/c+d

28
Q

Wilson and jugner screening criteria

A

disease must be:
- important
- known and detectable latent phase
- known natural course of progression
there must be:
- acceptable test
- treatment
- agreed at risk group to screen
- agreed policy on who to treat
- cost is economically balanced

29
Q

what is prevention paradox

A

preventative measure which benefits population may offer little to each participating individual

30
Q

what is lead time bias

A

early detection and diagnosis makes it look like people are surviving longer so there is an overestimation of survival duration

31
Q

what is length time bias

A

less aggressive disease more likely to be picked up so there will be an overestimation of survival duration due to excess of cases detected that are slowly progressing

32
Q

what is ethnocentrism

A

tendency to evaluate other groups according to the values and standards of ones own culture

33
Q

what is rationing

A

refusing resources based on a. lack of affordability rather than clinical ineffectiveness

34
Q

problems with an epidemiological HNA

A

required data might not be available
variable quality in the data
does not consider felt needs

35
Q

problems with a comparative HNA

A

populations have different needs
relies on availability of data
shows you a comparison but not neccesarily if one population is doing better/worse

36
Q

problems with a corporate HNA

A

conflict of interest
difficult to distinguish need from demand
dominant personalities may influence

37
Q

what is a transactional leader

A

promotes compliance with rewards and punishments

38
Q

what is a Laissez faire leader

A

delegates, hands off approach, allows team members to make decision for themselves

39
Q

what is a transformational leader

A

inclusive leaderships distributes throughout all levels of organisation

40
Q

what is prevalence

A

number of cases of disease at one time/total number of people in defined population at same time

41
Q

what is incidence

A

number of new cases of disease

42
Q

factors in the Bradford hill causality method

A

strength
temporality
dose response
specificity

reversibility

consistency
coherence
analogy
plausability

Phase 3a (7 decks)

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