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Economics Edexcel iGCSE > Public and Private Sectors > Flashcards

Public and Private Sectors Flashcards

1
Q

What is the public sector?

A

Government organisations that provide goods and services in the economy

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2
Q

How is the public sector mainly funded?

A

They are funded mainly by tax revenue

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3
Q

What is the private sector?

A

Provision of goods and services by businesses that are owned by individuals or groups of individuals

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4
Q

In many countries, what sector provides most of consumer goods?

A

The private sector

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5
Q

Name 3 aims of the public sector

A
  1. Minimise Costs
  2. Improve Quality of Services
  3. Allow For Social Costs and Benefits
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6
Q

Why does the public sector aim to minimise costs?

A

Government resources are scare so it’s important to minimise both waste and costs to reduce burden on the taxpayer

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7
Q

What are used to monitor service quality?

A

Performance indicators

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8
Q

Name 3 aims of the private sector

A
  1. Profit Satisfying
  2. Profit Maximisation
  3. Survival
  4. Growth
  5. Sales Maximisation
  6. Social Responsibility
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9
Q

Name the 2 roles of the government

A

To employ and produce

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10
Q

Explain how the government is an employer

A

Large number of people are employed in State Owned Enterprise

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11
Q

What does the government produce?

A

Merit Goods

Public Goods

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12
Q

What are merit goods?

A

Goods/services that government think people should have regardless of their ability to pay for it

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13
Q

What are the types of public goods?

A
  1. Non-excludable

2. Non-rival

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14
Q

What are public goods?

A

Goods provided by government for everyone

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15
Q

What is meant by if a good is non-excludable?

A

If provided to one consumer = all other consumers will also benefit

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16
Q

What is meant by if a good is non-rival?

A

As more and more people consume product = benefit to

others will not decrease

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17
Q

What are key industries?

A

Most important industries that are owned/run by the government

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18
Q

Give 2 examples of key industries

A
  1. Essential Products

2. Natural Monopoly

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19
Q

What does the government do to essential goods?

A

Government provides it for free or at subsidised prices

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20
Q

Why does the government create natural monopolies?

A

So private sector cannot produce at lower prices

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21
Q

Give an example of a natural monopoly

A

DEWA

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22
Q

Why might government regulation be needed?

A

To control monopolies and merger activity (if a market is dominated by a one to a few very large firms, consumers may be exploited)

23
Q

How can a government influence in location of firms?

A

Via regional policy

24
Q

What is regional policy used for?

A

Used to encourage or discourage business location in particular areas

25
Q

Name 3 regional problems

A

Congestion
Unemployment
Income Inequality

26
Q

How does the government combat regional congestion ?

A

By reducing development in congested areas (i.e. where there’s a heavy burden on public services e.g. schools)

27
Q

How does the government combat regional unemployment?

A

By providing jobs in areas which are in decline (firms are offered incentives (e.g. grants) = encouraging firms to locate in poorer regions)

28
Q

How does the government combat regional income inequality?

A

By encouraging firms to locate in poorer regions

29
Q

How can a government promote competition? (name 3 ways)

A
  1. Encourage the growth of small firms
  2. Introduce anti-completive legislation
  3. Lower barriers to entry
30
Q

Why would the government lower barriers to entry?

A

Bc more firms will join a market, thus making it more competitive

31
Q

What is meant by anti-completive legislation?

A

Laws can be made to protect consumers from exploitation by firms

32
Q

Why would the government encourage the growth of small firms?

A

If more small firms are encouraged to join markets there’ll be more competition

33
Q

Name 3 measures a government uses to influence the location of firms

A
  1. Government investment in infrastructure
  2. Grants for investment
  3. Money for training
34
Q

How can the government reduce competition?

A

By refusing planning permission for new developments

35
Q

What is privatisation?

A

Privatisation is the transfer of public sector assets to the private sector

36
Q

Name 4 things privatisation involves

A
  1. Sale of national industries
  2. Deregulation
  3. The sale of land and property
  4. Contracting out
37
Q

What is deregulation?

A

Lifting legal restrictions that prevent competition in private sector

38
Q

Name 4 motives for privatisation

A
  1. Deregulation
  2. Generate Income
  3. Reduce Political Interference
  4. Inefficient Nationalised Industries
39
Q

How does privatisation generate income?

A

Sale of state assets raises revenue for the government

40
Q

Name 3 effects of privatisation on consumers

A
  1. Some prices of services increase
  2. Some prices of services decrease
  3. Some new products and services have arrived due to more innovation
41
Q

Name 2 effects of privatisation on firms

A
  1. Objectives change: newly privatised firms aim to make a profit
  2. Many firms increase investment
42
Q

Why type of firms do merger and takeover activity often involve?

A

Newly privatised firms

43
Q

Name 2 effects of privatisation on workers

A
  1. Some newly privatised businesses lay off workers

2. Some workers are forced to adopt more flexible working practices

44
Q

Name 2 effects of privatisation on government

A
  1. Receive the privatisation sale proceeds

2. Burden of loss-making from nationalised industries is removed

45
Q

Why might privatisation be expensive for the government?

A

Because lots of money is spent advertising the sale of state assets

46
Q

Name 3 effects of privatisation on the economy

A
  1. More competition, economy will grow
  2. Job losses & higher benefit payments
  3. Public monopolies may become private monopolies (consumers may be exploited)
47
Q

What will more competition lead to?

A

Costs will be lower, waste will be reduced and there’ll be more innovation

48
Q

Why might privatisation result in job losses & higher benefit payments?

A

Due to the drive for efficiency

49
Q

What is social welfare?

A

Money/allowance given to people who cannot work

50
Q

What are demerit goods?

A

Goods that are harmful to society

51
Q

What are subsides?

A

Money provided by government to business that benefits society (to reduce cost of production)

52
Q

What is direct tax?

A

Tax taken straight from income and wealth

53
Q

What is indirect tax?

A

Tax included in price of goods and services

54
Q

How will indirect tax supply?

A

Will decrease it (supply curve shifts to the left)

Economics Edexcel iGCSE (8 decks)

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