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TEE > PTEM Ch 11-20 > Flashcards

PTEM Ch 11-20 Flashcards

1
Q

11.1 Which views are used to see AoV? (5)

A

PTEM Ch 1-11 page 19

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2
Q

11.2

Names and locations of AoV cusps on MESAX view - draw

A

PTEM Ch 1-11 page 19

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3
Q

Measuremnts to make of Ao and AoV in LAx - draw

N value of Ao root diameter?

A

PTEM Ch 1-11 page 19

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4
Q

11.6

What are the best views for measuring VTI for calc of AoV? (3) Why?

A

PTEM Ch 1-11 page 20

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5
Q

11.7

5 Qs to ask when assessing AI?

A

PTEM Ch 1-11 page 20

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6
Q

11.8

11 features used for grading AI severity?

Journal paper that describes this?

A

PTEM Ch 1-11 page 20

JASE 2003 16:777

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7
Q

11.9

Draw the P-V curve for normal LV, one with compensated AI, and one with decompensated AI

Describe the natural history of decompensation

Is AI a pressure or volume overload problem?

A

PTEM Ch 1-11 page 21

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8
Q

11.11

Specific values for mild, mod, severe AI on common measures of AI

A

PTEM Ch 1-11 page 21

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9
Q

11.13

4 criteria predicting high risk AI (needs surgery)?

A

PTEM Ch 1-11 page 22

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10
Q

11.14

Value to descriminate low versus high rish AI in Marfan’s?

A

PTEM Ch 1-11 page 22

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11
Q

11.15

Is AS a pressure or volume problem?

A

PTEM Ch 1-11 page 22

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12
Q

13.1

Draw the relations of the MV, Ao and TV, with trigones and fibrosa.

A

PTEM page 23

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13
Q

13.2

Why does MV dilation happen anterior to posterior?

A

PTEMasters page 23

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14
Q

13.3

Describe blood supply to MV pappillaries. What does thjis imply about ischemia and rupture?

A

PTEMasters page 23

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15
Q

13.5

Divisions of MV leaflets? How are they named?

A

13.5

PTEMasters page 23

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16
Q

13.6

Describe shape of MV, what is it’s shortest axis and N length?

A

PTEMasters page 23

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17
Q

13.7

In what views are what scallops of MV seen?

A

PTEMasters page 24

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18
Q

13.9

Commonest leaflet to cause MR?

A

P2

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19
Q

14.3

Commonest causes of MR in 1st and 3rd world?

A

PTEMasters page 25

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20
Q

14.7

What is SAM, when is it seen?

A

PTEMasters page 26

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21
Q

14.8 relationship between regurg jet and problem leaflet is SAM?

A

14.8

PTEMasters page 27

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22
Q

14.9

Risk factors for SAM after MV repair?

A

PTEMasters page 27

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23
Q

14.10

Ant to post leaflet ratios and C-sept values that predict high and low risk of SAM after MV repair?

A

PTEMasters page 27

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24
Q

15.1

Commonest cause of MS and pathophysiology

A

PTEMasters page 28

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25
Q

15.1

Diagnosic leaflet appearance in MS?

A

PTEMasters page 28

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26
Q

15.2

Less common causes of MS (5)?

A

PTEMasters page 28

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27
Q

15.3

5 ways to calculate MV area?

A

PTEMasters page 28

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28
Q

15.4

Methods and specific values for grading MS?

A

PTEMasters page 28

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29
Q

15.5

Explain method for calulating MV area with P1/2T method and average delta P method.

What are the problems with both of these methods?

A

PTEMasters page 29

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30
Q

15.7

What does PISA stand for?

Concept behind PISA method?

A

P1/2T method and average delta P method 29

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31
Q

15.8

Formulas for describing how to calculate PISA - write entire process

Where do we measure the shell, how do we know the velocity here?

A

PTE Masters page 30

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32
Q

15.10

5 methods to calculate and quantify MR

Quantified values for 3 of them

A

PTE Masters page 31

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33
Q

18.1

views to evaluate R heart?

A

ME4C and RV I/O

L coronary sinus view

TG mid pap RV SAX

34
Q

18.2

How do you know which TV leaflets you are looking at in ME4C view?

A

PTE Masters page 33

35
Q

18.3

Uses of RV I/O view

A

18.3

PTE Masters page 33

36
Q

Draw LE coronary sinus view

A

PTE Masters page 33

37
Q

What views are used to calculate RV Sys pressure?

What is formula for RV systolic pressure?

A

PTE Masters page 34

38
Q

in modified bicaval view, how do you distinguish IVC and coronary sinus?

A

PTE Masters page 34

39
Q

What percent of post CPB shock is due to FR failure?

3 causes of post CPB RV failure?

A

PTE Masters page 34

40
Q

Unique feacture of isovolumetric accelerastio (IVA) as a measure of RV function?

A

PTE Masters page 35

41
Q

5 measures of RV function and their normal values

A

PTE Masters page 35

42
Q

Normal values an lower limit for TAPSE? What views to use?

A

PTE Masters page 35

43
Q

Draw tissue doppler waveform for RV with lettering. What is normal value for S1?

A

PTE Masters page 35

44
Q

What view do we use for TVS1 and IVA calculations of RV function?

Draw the waveform and label

How is IVA calculated?

A

PTE Masters page 36

45
Q

When is septal flattening usually seen in RV VOLUME overload?

A

PTE Masters page 36

46
Q

What is the eccentricy index for septal flattening?

Where measured and what are important values?

A

PTE Masters page 36

47
Q

When does septal flattening happen in RV PRESSURE overload?

A

PTE Masters page 36

48
Q

What does RV wall look like in chronic pressure overload (value)?

A

PTE Masters page 37

49
Q

What is McConnell’s sign?

A

PTE Masters page 37

50
Q

Name TV leaflets. What os location of septal leaflet anatomically

A

PTE Masters page 37

51
Q

Draw ME4C view, what /tv leaflets do you see?

A

PTE Masters page 37

52
Q

Draw ME RV I/O view, what TV leaflets do you see?

A

PTE Masters page 37

53
Q

What causes TR in most adults?

A

PTE Masters page 37

54
Q

Difference between structoral and functional causes of TR? 5 casues of structural?

A

PTE Masters page 38

55
Q

What is

Ebstein’s anomaly (7)?

A

PTE Masters page 38

56
Q

What is carcinoid syndrome. What echo findings are seen?

A

PTE Masters page 38

57
Q

3 ways to grade TR? what are criteria for mild/mod/severe?

A

PTE Masters page 38

58
Q

Draw CVP tracing with letters. What does each letter represent?

A

PTE Masters page 39

59
Q

What is the relationship between flows in CVP and heptatic vein?

Draw heptatic vein flow tracing

Relate a,c,v,x,y in CVP with hepatic flow diagram

A

Increased central pressure decrease or reverse hepatic vein flow

PTE Masters page 39

60
Q

Grades of MV leaflet motion in MR?

A

PTEMasters page 26

61
Q

Grading methods for MR? What are the values for each for severe MR?

A

PTEMasters page 26

62
Q

14.6

What is the Coanda effect?

A

PTEMasters page 26

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