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PTA110 - Kinesiology & Biomechanics > PTA110/120 Midterm Review Pt. 1 > Flashcards

PTA110/120 Midterm Review Pt. 1 Flashcards

Midterm Slides 1-20

1
Q

what is osteokinematic motion?

A

gross movement of bones relative to the three cardinal planes of the body: sagittal, frontal, and horizontal

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2
Q

what is arthrokinematic motion?

A

movement of joint surfaces in relation to the body segment motion as a result of rolls, spins, or glides

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3
Q

what is the convex-concave rule?

A

convex-concave surfaces move in OPPOSITE directions

  • shoulder is a convex-concave rule as the head of the humerus glides in the opposite direction of the distal end of the humerus
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4
Q

what is the concave-convex rule?

A

concave-convex surfaces move in the SAME directions

  • elbow is a concave-convex rule as the ulna (concave) and the humerus (convex) surface move in the same direction
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5
Q

what are the 2 types of motions?

A
  • liner motion
  • angular motion
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6
Q

what is linear motion?

A

same distance, direction, time

also called translatory motion

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7
Q

what are the 2 types of linear motion?

A

rectilinear – occurs in straight line

curvilinear – motion of object moving in curved path; not circular

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8
Q

what is angular motion?

A

movement of object around a fixed point; same direction and time, but not distance

also called rotation

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9
Q

what is the state of equilibrium?

A

when an object is balanced, all torques acting on it are even

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10
Q

what is the line of gravity?

A

an imaginary vertical line passing through the COG toward the center of the earth

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11
Q

what does “COG” stand for?

A

center of gravity

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12
Q

what does “BOS” stand for?

A

base of support

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13
Q

what is the base of support?

A

the part of the body that is in contact with the supporting surface

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14
Q

how many levers are there?

A

3

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15
Q

explain the First Class Lever

A

the axis (fulcrum) is located between the force and resistance

ex. the skull on the first cervical vertebra; the axis is the articulation between the skull and vertebra, the force is the anterior or posterior musculature, the resistance is the weight of the skull

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16
Q

explain the Second Class Lever

A

resistance in the middle with the axis (fulcrum) at the end

ex. person doing a calf raise; the axis is the metatarsophalangeal joints of the foot, the resistance is the body weight pushing down, the force is generated by the contraction of the ankle plantar flexor muscles

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17
Q

explain the Third Class Lever

A

force in the middle, resistance and axis (fulcrum) at opposite ends

ex. biceps brachii muscle flexing the elbow; the axis is the elbow joint, the force is the biceps brachii, the resistance is the weight of the forearm and the hand

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18
Q

what are the 3 types of joints?

A

fibrous
amphiarthrosis or cartilaginous
diarthroses or synovial (diarthrodial)

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19
Q

what is a fibrous joint?

A

thin layer of fibrous periosteum between the two bones

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20
Q

what are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

A

synarthrosis
syndesmosis
gomphosis

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21
Q

what is ROM?

A

range of motion; amount of movement of a joint

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22
Q

what is AROM?

A

active ROM; muscles contract to move joints through ROM

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23
Q

what is PROM?

A

passive ROM; joint passively moved through ROM

24
Q

what is AAROM?

A

active assisted ROM

25
what is active resisted ROM?
patient contracts while PT resists movement
26
what is force?
push or pull action
27
what is torque?
tendency of force to produce rotation
28
what is kinetics?
force that causes motion
29
what is kinematics?
involves time, space, and mass aspects of a moving system
30
what are the 2 types of bone compositions?
compact bone cancellous bone (aka trabeculae)
31
describe compact bone
hard dense outer shell strong ability to absorb high forces through longitudinal axis
32
describe cancellous bone
spongy inside portion redirects forces toward weight bearing surfaces covered by articular cartilage (shock absorber)
33
describe Wolff's Law
bone tissue -- when put under stress, will thicken and form a stronger osseous matrix and/or when stress is removed, will weaken bones constantly remodeled (5%) piezoelectric effect nearby cells pushed or pulled on, and produce fibers fibers rearrange instracellular matrix along lines of stress exercise makes them stronger, BED IS DEAD
34
match the depressions & openings terms to each description a. foramen b. fossa c. groove d. meatus e. sinus 1. air filled cavity within bone 2. canal or tube-like opening in a bone 3. hollow or depression 4. ditch-like groove containing a tendon or blood vessel 5. hole through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
A-5 B-3 C-4 D-2 E-1
35
match the projections/processes (fit into joints) terms to each description a. condyle b. eminence c. facet d. head 1. rounded articular projection beyond a narrow, neck-like portion 2. flat or shallow articular surface 3. projecting, prominent part of bone 4. rounded knuckle-like projection
A-4 B-3 C-2 D-1
36
match the terms to the descriptions (projections/processes attached to tendons, ligaments, CT) a. crest b. epicondyle c. line d. spine e. process f. tubercle g. tuberosity h. trochanter 1. very large prominence for muscle attachment 2. large, rounded projection 3. small, rounded projection 4. "going forth" enlargement or protrusion of a bone 5. long, thin projection 6. less prominent ridge 7. prominence alone or on a condyle 8. sharp ridge or border
A-8 B-7 C-6 D-5 E-4 F-3 G-2 H-1
37
what does arthrokinemaatic motion depend on?
shape of the articulating surfaces of the bones
38
most joints have one _____, and one _____ opposing joint surfaces
concave, convex
39
all joints are either ____ or _____ in shape
ovoid, sellar
40
what is uniaxial?
hinge joint; one plane of motion & one axis
41
what is synovium?
responsible for manufactoring and delivering synovial fluid to joint surfaces and menisci inside the joint capsule
42
what are the 3 types of normal end feel?
hard end feel (bony end feel) firm end feel soft end feel (soft tissue approximation)
43
describe Hard End Feel (bony end feel)
hard and abrupt limit to ROM occurs when bone contact bone at the end of the ROM (end range)
44
describe firm end feel
firm sensation that has a light give when the joint is taken to end range results from tension in surrounding ligaments, capsule, muscles most common end feel
45
describe soft end feel (soft tissue approximation)
occurs when muscle bulk is compressed particularly evident on a person with well developed muscles (bulky muscles)
46
what is a transverse fracture?
a break in the bone perpendicular to the length of the bone
47
what is a stress fracture?
a break in the bone due to repeated forces to a particular portion of the bone
48
what is an oblique/displaced fracture?
a break in the bone diagonally along the length that separates the bone -- broken at an angle
49
what is a greenstick fracture?
a break on one side of a bone that does not damage the periosteum on the opposite side -- often seen in children
50
what is an avulsion fracture?
a portion of the bone becomes fragmented at the side of the tendon attachments -- usually due to a traumatic stretch of a tendon
51
what is a compound fracture?
a break in the bone that protrudes through the skin
52
what is a closed fracture?
a break in the bone where the skin over the side remains intact
53
what is an agonist? give an example
acts to cause movement; muscle that shortens/concentrically contracts ex. biceps curl -- biceps brachii contracts to flex
54
what is an antagonist? give an example
lengthens when action occurs; can eccentrically contract generating a slowing/braking force, or it can be relaxed and lengthen ex. during bicep curl -- triceps lengthen by relaxing
55
what is a synergist? give an example
assists the agonist to perform the action ex. during bicep curl -- brachialis and brachioradialis help the bicep brachii with the motin

PTA110 - Kinesiology & Biomechanics (6 decks)

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