PTA110/120 Midterm Review Pt. 1 Flashcards
Midterm Slides 1-20
what is osteokinematic motion?
gross movement of bones relative to the three cardinal planes of the body: sagittal, frontal, and horizontal
what is arthrokinematic motion?
movement of joint surfaces in relation to the body segment motion as a result of rolls, spins, or glides
what is the convex-concave rule?
convex-concave surfaces move in OPPOSITE directions
- shoulder is a convex-concave rule as the head of the humerus glides in the opposite direction of the distal end of the humerus
what is the concave-convex rule?
concave-convex surfaces move in the SAME directions
- elbow is a concave-convex rule as the ulna (concave) and the humerus (convex) surface move in the same direction
what are the 2 types of motions?
- liner motion
- angular motion
what is linear motion?
same distance, direction, time
also called translatory motion
what are the 2 types of linear motion?
rectilinear – occurs in straight line
curvilinear – motion of object moving in curved path; not circular
what is angular motion?
movement of object around a fixed point; same direction and time, but not distance
also called rotation
what is the state of equilibrium?
when an object is balanced, all torques acting on it are even
what is the line of gravity?
an imaginary vertical line passing through the COG toward the center of the earth
what does “COG” stand for?
center of gravity
what does “BOS” stand for?
base of support
what is the base of support?
the part of the body that is in contact with the supporting surface
how many levers are there?
3
explain the First Class Lever
the axis (fulcrum) is located between the force and resistance
ex. the skull on the first cervical vertebra; the axis is the articulation between the skull and vertebra, the force is the anterior or posterior musculature, the resistance is the weight of the skull
explain the Second Class Lever
resistance in the middle with the axis (fulcrum) at the end
ex. person doing a calf raise; the axis is the metatarsophalangeal joints of the foot, the resistance is the body weight pushing down, the force is generated by the contraction of the ankle plantar flexor muscles
explain the Third Class Lever
force in the middle, resistance and axis (fulcrum) at opposite ends
ex. biceps brachii muscle flexing the elbow; the axis is the elbow joint, the force is the biceps brachii, the resistance is the weight of the forearm and the hand
what are the 3 types of joints?
fibrous
amphiarthrosis or cartilaginous
diarthroses or synovial (diarthrodial)
what is a fibrous joint?
thin layer of fibrous periosteum between the two bones
what are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
synarthrosis
syndesmosis
gomphosis
what is ROM?
range of motion; amount of movement of a joint
what is AROM?
active ROM; muscles contract to move joints through ROM
what is PROM?
passive ROM; joint passively moved through ROM
what is AAROM?
active assisted ROM
what is active resisted ROM?
patient contracts while PT resists movement
what is force?
push or pull action
what is torque?
tendency of force to produce rotation
what is kinetics?
force that causes motion
what is kinematics?
involves time, space, and mass aspects of a moving system
what are the 2 types of bone compositions?
compact bone
cancellous bone (aka trabeculae)
describe compact bone
hard dense outer shell
strong
ability to absorb high forces through longitudinal axis
describe cancellous bone
spongy inside portion
redirects forces toward weight bearing surfaces
covered by articular cartilage (shock absorber)
describe Wolff’s Law
bone tissue – when put under stress, will thicken and form a stronger osseous matrix and/or when stress is removed, will weaken
bones constantly remodeled (5%)
piezoelectric effect
nearby cells pushed or pulled on, and produce fibers
fibers rearrange instracellular matrix along lines of stress
exercise makes them stronger, BED IS DEAD
match the depressions & openings terms to each description
a. foramen
b. fossa
c. groove
d. meatus
e. sinus
- air filled cavity within bone
- canal or tube-like opening in a bone
- hollow or depression
- ditch-like groove containing a tendon or blood vessel
- hole through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
A-5
B-3
C-4
D-2
E-1
match the projections/processes (fit into joints) terms to each description
a. condyle
b. eminence
c. facet
d. head
- rounded articular projection beyond a narrow, neck-like portion
- flat or shallow articular surface
- projecting, prominent part of bone
- rounded knuckle-like projection
A-4
B-3
C-2
D-1
match the terms to the descriptions (projections/processes attached to tendons, ligaments, CT)
a. crest
b. epicondyle
c. line
d. spine
e. process
f. tubercle
g. tuberosity
h. trochanter
- very large prominence for muscle attachment
- large, rounded projection
- small, rounded projection
- “going forth” enlargement or protrusion of a bone
- long, thin projection
- less prominent ridge
- prominence alone or on a condyle
- sharp ridge or border
A-8
B-7
C-6
D-5
E-4
F-3
G-2
H-1
what does arthrokinemaatic motion depend on?
shape of the articulating surfaces of the bones
most joints have one _____, and one _____ opposing joint surfaces
concave, convex
all joints are either ____ or _____ in shape
ovoid, sellar
what is uniaxial?
hinge joint; one plane of motion & one axis
what is synovium?
responsible for manufactoring and delivering synovial fluid to joint surfaces and menisci inside the joint capsule
what are the 3 types of normal end feel?
hard end feel (bony end feel)
firm end feel
soft end feel (soft tissue approximation)
describe Hard End Feel (bony end feel)
hard and abrupt limit to ROM
occurs when bone contact bone at the end of the ROM (end range)
describe firm end feel
firm sensation that has a light give when the joint is taken to end range
results from tension in surrounding ligaments, capsule, muscles
most common end feel
describe soft end feel (soft tissue approximation)
occurs when muscle bulk is compressed
particularly evident on a person with well developed muscles (bulky muscles)
what is a transverse fracture?
a break in the bone perpendicular to the length of the bone
what is a stress fracture?
a break in the bone due to repeated forces to a particular portion of the bone
what is an oblique/displaced fracture?
a break in the bone diagonally along the length that separates the bone – broken at an angle
what is a greenstick fracture?
a break on one side of a bone that does not damage the periosteum on the opposite side – often seen in children
what is an avulsion fracture?
a portion of the bone becomes fragmented at the side of the tendon attachments – usually due to a traumatic stretch of a tendon
what is a compound fracture?
a break in the bone that protrudes through the skin
what is a closed fracture?
a break in the bone where the skin over the side remains intact
what is an agonist? give an example
acts to cause movement; muscle that shortens/concentrically contracts
ex. biceps curl – biceps brachii contracts to flex
what is an antagonist? give an example
lengthens when action occurs; can eccentrically contract generating a slowing/braking force, or it can be relaxed and lengthen
ex. during bicep curl – triceps lengthen by relaxing
what is a synergist? give an example
assists the agonist to perform the action
ex. during bicep curl – brachialis and brachioradialis help the bicep brachii with the motin
