Pt 2 of Test 3 Flashcards
what are the components of food that are needed to perform physiological body functions
nutrients
what are the 5 things nutrients include
- carbs
- proteins
- lipids
- minerals
- vitamins
what percent of americans are overwight
70%
what percent are with type 2 diabetes
10%
describe Nikolai N Anichkov’s theory or atherosclerosis (1913)
he took rabbits and fed them straight cholesterol and dissected them after a period of time. they all ended up having bad atherosclerosis (buildup of plaque) and found it can kill them
describe Ancel Keys 7 Countries Study and coronary heart disease
his chart balances cal intake from fat vs cardiovascular disease. he graphed 7 major countries. said that the more fat you eat, the more chances you have or cardiovascular disease/death. this was a LIE and faked some of the data
did anything change after the theories of cholesterol and fat intake increasing risk of heart disease
no. it still remained the 1st/2nd cause of death over the 75 year period. there was also better medications and sources to lower intake and still nothing changed.
carbohydrates are sugars or polysaccharides that are digested into simple sugars for an important what
energy source (makes glucose for the body)
what is a wonderful energy source for the brain
carbohydrates
what are the 2 main types of carbs
- complex carbs
- refined grains
what are complex carbohydrates
“good” source of vitamins and minerals (beans, whole grain products, nuts, fruits)- sort of healthy
what are refined grains
“bad” should be minimized in the diet because fiber and vitamins are removed (white bread, cake, cookies)- bad for you. fiber is removed only sugar and water remain
what Will cause an insulin spike in your system
refined grains
refined sugars and fructose sweeteners may contribute to
obesity (heart disease and liver diseases) and increased insulin release leading to a spike (potential for type 2 diabetes)
what happens with insulin if you eat a few doughnuts
there will be a spike in blood sugar. therefore, body will crank out insulin to try to control the spike. if no insulin, body may take in all sugar and dumps into liver which is BAD
what contains a surprinsingly large amount of sugar
juices and softdrinks
main way to reduce dietary sugars
eat fewer sweets, soft drinks; eat fruits
proteins are digested into how many different amino acids and what are they used for
20 amino acids used to produce cellular proteins
how many amino acids must be attained through the diet and what are they called
essential amino acids and there are 8
essential amino acids cannot be stored in the body, thus small amounts need to be ingested on a daily basis. how many servings
2 meat servings
what are the 2 types of proteins
- complete proteins
- incomplete proteins
what are complete proteins
have all essential amino acids usually derived from animals such as meat and dairy. non-animal sources are tofu, soymilk, food from soybeans
what have all essential amino acids
complete proteins
what are incomplete proteins
ones that lack at least 1 essential amino acid (legumes, nuts, grains)
an overabundance of proteins can lead to calcium loss in urine which can lead to
kidney stones
eating red meat as a source of protein is high in saturated fats can lead to
cardiovascular disease
what is a good alternative to traditional red meat as a protein source
fish
what is the atkins diet
when protein is only used for energy when dietary carbs and fats are restricted (cut off carbs)
many times guidelines of the healthy intake of nutrients lump proteins together such as red meat, poultry, fish and beans (soy) is this correct
no proteins are no all equal and it does not differentiate proteins and the fats is contains (complex vs refined grains)
fatty meats- especially fatty red meats and processed meats can lead to
increased risk of heart disease and cancer
what are the 3 types of fats
- saturated
- unsaturated
- trans-fats
what is a saturated fat
animal origin. solid at room temp. excess consumption may clog arteries and lead to heart disease, stroke, other problems. (butter, bacon, fat)
what is an unsaturated fat
good for your heart. in most vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, whole grains, FISH
how did trans fats become discovered
food manufacturers discovered that bubbling hydrogen through polyunsaturated oils created “partially hydrogenated” fats that were less vulnerable to becoming bad over time than the original oils
the hydrogenation process of trans fats converts what
the bent cis form to a straightened trans form (trans form packs tightly to form solid at room temp)
what does the trans fat trans straight form resist
enzymatic breakdown in the human body. it remains in circulation longer, deposits in the arteries and raises risk of HEART DISEASE TREMENDOUSLY
are trans fats healthy
NO VERY DANGEROUS
if you are asking for heart disease, eat more
trans fats
what contains omega 3’s
fish oils
what exactly do fish oils producing omega 3’s do
takes your lipid panel and brings everything back into balance (good for you). can help hair skin nails heart
your liver has enzymes to help you to build triglycerides and omega 3’s can do what to those
lock up enzymes to protect from dietary fat
are all dairy products essential?
no, only calcium is
recommendation is to drink how many glasses for dairy
3 glasses of low fat milk or eat 3 servings of other dairy products to prevent osteoporosis
there is a lack of evidence for a link between consumption of dairy products and prevention of
osteoporosis (we still have highest hip fracture rate and in top 3 for calcium consumption so is it really helping)- could be lack of motility or exercise
what are the 2 lipoproteins in lipids
- low density (LDL)
- high density (HDL)
what is low density lipoprotein (LDL)
“BAD” cholesterol because it carries cholesterol fro the liver to the cells. it is INCREASED BY SATURATED FATS and decreased by unsat fats
what is high density lipoprotein (HDL)
“GOOD” cholesterol because it carries cholesterol to the liver where it is converted to bile salts (less cholesterol in blood is better)
how can LDL and HDL be dealt with
monitoring lipid panel
what are the good numbers for LDL and HDL
above 60 HDL
below 100 LDL
total below or around 180 is healthy
what mobilizes cholesterol into the blood stream
low density lipoprotein (LDL)
a great way to avoid excess carbs AND excess fats
eat less fried food
what are minerals
basically off periodic table (Ca, P, K, S, Cl, Mg, Na) and components of larger molecules (IRON IN HEMOGLOBIN)
a mineral (very small, typically an ion)
iron
a vitamin (a large hydrocarbon)
B12
what are vitamins
large molecules, hydrocarbons. not produced in super high quantities in the body. often enzyme helpers (coenzymes) vitamin a, k, b12
what are antioxidants
chemicals that decrease the rate of oxidation or transfer of electrons (FREE RADICALS FROM CELLULAR METABOLISM) (common in fruits and vegetables)- pills show no real change just eat fruits—- we need to get rid of free radicals they are bad
what are the 4 phases of cellular respiration
- glycolysis
- prep reaction
- citric acid cycle
- electron transport chain
what is cellular respiration for
to make our ATP (glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm)
is cellular respiration just glucose
mainly just glucose coming in even though we dont eat just glucose
explain the process simply of metabolism
- degradation (hydrolysis) reactions (catabolism) break down molecules (tend to be exergonic)
- synthesis reactions (anabolism) build molecules (tend to be endergonic- store energy)
what do fats get broken down into in the metabolic pool
glycerol and 3 fatty acids
explain process of fats breaking down into glycerol and 3 fatty acids of metabolic pool
glycerol is converted to PGAL (used in glycolysis)
fatty acids converted to acetyl coa (used in citric acid cycle)
** 1 standard triglyceride stores enough energy for 300+ ATP molecules
no carbohydrate intake means what for metabolic pool
can stil make lots of ATP because we can use fatty acids and break them down and plug in in many different ways to make ATP
product of using fat breakdown to fuel cellular respiration
ketones
explain process of amino acids breaking down into carbon chains and amino groups of metabolic pool
- deamination (NH2 removed) occurs in liver. results in poisonous ammonia NH3. quickly converted to urea. some are converted to pyruvate or acetyl-CoA. fragments enter respiratory pathways at many different points
what do amino acids break down into
carbon chains and amino groups
what is gluconeogenesis (of amino acids breaking down to carbon chains and amino groups)
new glucose making. breaks down proteins (catabolic) and reassembles to build glucose and send to brain to feed it (anabolic)
what is a cluster of conditions with insulin resistance at its core
metabolic syndrome (precursor to bigger problems, increased blood pressure, sugar, fat, etc) increasing diabetes- body shape may indicate
what is BMR (basal metabolic rate)
generic caloric need of the body for a day
what is BMI- body mass index
value derived from mass and height of a person
what is the most prevalent metabolic disease in the world, diabetes mellitus, caused by
disruption of metabolism due to hyposecretion or inaction of insulin (not releasing or making enough insulin)
what are symptoms of DM
polyuria (excess urine output)
polydipsia (thirst)
polyphagia (hunger)
- revealed by elevated blood glucose, glucose in urine!, ketones in urine
what is the transport maximum of DM
limit to how fast the glucose transporters can work to reabsorb
- excess glucose enters urine and water follows it
– causes polyuria, dehydration, thirst
what is the inability to control blood glucose levels
diabetes
what is type 1 diabetes and how can it be treated (5-10%)
hereditary, susceptibulity if infected with certain viruses. insulin is always used to treat it (injections, pumps, etc) and monitoring levels and controlled diet. autoantibodies attack and destory pancreatic beta cells
what is type 2 diabetes and how can it be treated (90-95%)
obesity, hereditary, age 40+, progressive replacement of msucle with fat, treated with weight-loss program and exercise.. some oral medications for target cell sensitivity. problem is insulin resistance
thought of as insulin resistance, where you make the hormone, but it isn’t working anymore
type 2 diabetes
