Pt 1 of Test 4 Flashcards
Discuss the competition resulting in a lawsuit and water intoxication
Competition having people drink lots of water and not using the bathroom for a certain period of time. Person who holds it the longest, wins a gaming system. This results in too much water in and not enough out to maintain that osmotic balance in the kidneys which led to water intoxication killing one person and a lawsuit from the winner.
what is the main excretory organ (not defecation)
kidneys
what are the 6 parts of the urinary system
2 kidneys
2 paired ureters
1 urinary bladder
1 urethra
which part of the urinary system exhibits persistalsis
the ureters
what are the main 8 functions of the urinary system
- filter blood plasma (return good stuff to blood), eliminates nitrogenous wastes
- regulate blood volume and pressure
- regulate osmolarity by controlling amount of water and salts eliminated
- secrete enzyme RENIN
- secretes hormone erythropoietin, stimulates RBC production. (when kidneys take up a low oxygen environment they release EPO to cause bone marrow to make more RBCs to up the oxygen carrying capacity)
- acid-base balance of fluids (urine pH 6ish involved in regulating pH)
- calcitriol contributing to calcium homeostasis and VITAMIN D
- Gluconeogenesis. make new glucose to feed the brain.
water follows what
solutes (salt)
what is the separation of wastes from body fluids and the elimination of them
excretion
what are the 4 body systems that carry out excretions
- respiratory system (CO2)
- integumentary system (salts, UREA in sweat)
- digestive system (BILE, cholesterol, food residue)
- Urinary system (wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts. H+. water)
what is any substance that is useless to the body or present in excess of the body’s needs
waste
what is a waste substance produced by the body
metabolic waste
what are the 4 nitrogenous wastes that the kidneys excrete
- urea
- ammonia
- uric acid
- creatinine
explain how urea may be created by the conversion of ammonia
when we break proteins down into amino acids and remove ammonia groups, forming ammonia, the liver then converts it to urea excreted via the kidneys
what could cause uric acid waste
product of nucleic acid catabolism. if you consume foods super high in nucleic acids, you can get gout (buildup of nucleic acids). kidneys help get rid of
what is the give away as to what are nitrogenous wastes
the N and H’s in them
what is creatinine waste from
product of creatine phosphate catabolism. creatine pathways
what is BUN
blood urea nitrogen- blood urea is 10 to 20mg/dL
what is Azotemia
elevated BUN (too much nitrogen in bloodstream) indicated renal insufficiency= excess nitrogen
what is Uremia
syndrome of diarrhea, vomiting, etc from the toxicity of nitrogenous waste. treatment is hemodialysis or organ transplant
what are the 2 kidney issues resulting from too much uric components in BUN
azotemia and uremia
what causes the bad smell in bathrooms/urine
urine itself does not have bad smell. it is broken down by bacteria into ammonia which is gaseous and stanks
what forms the trigon of the bladder and how many entrances/exits are there
2 entrances (openings of muscular ureters- pump urine peristaltically into the bladder)
1 exit (opening of urethra)
the urethra carries urine out of the bladder via what
2 sphincters
1. internal urethral
2. external urethral
what are the internal and external urethral sphincters muscle made of and are they involuntary or voluntary
internal urethral= smooth muscle, involuntary
external urethral= skeletal muscle, voluntary
discuss the differences in the female and male urethra and bladders
Female= bladder right behind body wall (4cm of total urethra length- short)
Male= long urethra (20cm) in front of prostate gland
what issues occur more in female bladders than in males
Female= UTI’s because of short urethra, external bacteria make way up into urinary system
Male= prostate issues. bladder releases urine through prostate and urethra then out of penis. prostate gland can swell (enlarge) as we age which constricts urine flow
