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A&P 2 > Pt 1 of Test 4 > Flashcards

Pt 1 of Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Discuss the competition resulting in a lawsuit and water intoxication

A

Competition having people drink lots of water and not using the bathroom for a certain period of time. Person who holds it the longest, wins a gaming system. This results in too much water in and not enough out to maintain that osmotic balance in the kidneys which led to water intoxication killing one person and a lawsuit from the winner.

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2
Q

what is the main excretory organ (not defecation)

A

kidneys

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3
Q

what are the 6 parts of the urinary system

A

2 kidneys
2 paired ureters
1 urinary bladder
1 urethra

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4
Q

which part of the urinary system exhibits persistalsis

A

the ureters

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5
Q

what are the main 8 functions of the urinary system

A
  1. filter blood plasma (return good stuff to blood), eliminates nitrogenous wastes
  2. regulate blood volume and pressure
  3. regulate osmolarity by controlling amount of water and salts eliminated
  4. secrete enzyme RENIN
  5. secretes hormone erythropoietin, stimulates RBC production. (when kidneys take up a low oxygen environment they release EPO to cause bone marrow to make more RBCs to up the oxygen carrying capacity)
  6. acid-base balance of fluids (urine pH 6ish involved in regulating pH)
  7. calcitriol contributing to calcium homeostasis and VITAMIN D
  8. Gluconeogenesis. make new glucose to feed the brain.
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6
Q

water follows what

A

solutes (salt)

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7
Q

what is the separation of wastes from body fluids and the elimination of them

A

excretion

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8
Q

what are the 4 body systems that carry out excretions

A
  1. respiratory system (CO2)
  2. integumentary system (salts, UREA in sweat)
  3. digestive system (BILE, cholesterol, food residue)
  4. Urinary system (wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts. H+. water)
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9
Q

what is any substance that is useless to the body or present in excess of the body’s needs

A

waste

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10
Q

what is a waste substance produced by the body

A

metabolic waste

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11
Q

what are the 4 nitrogenous wastes that the kidneys excrete

A
  1. urea
  2. ammonia
  3. uric acid
  4. creatinine
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12
Q

explain how urea may be created by the conversion of ammonia

A

when we break proteins down into amino acids and remove ammonia groups, forming ammonia, the liver then converts it to urea excreted via the kidneys

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13
Q

what could cause uric acid waste

A

product of nucleic acid catabolism. if you consume foods super high in nucleic acids, you can get gout (buildup of nucleic acids). kidneys help get rid of

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14
Q

what is the give away as to what are nitrogenous wastes

A

the N and H’s in them

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15
Q

what is creatinine waste from

A

product of creatine phosphate catabolism. creatine pathways

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16
Q

what is BUN

A

blood urea nitrogen- blood urea is 10 to 20mg/dL

17
Q

what is Azotemia

A

elevated BUN (too much nitrogen in bloodstream) indicated renal insufficiency= excess nitrogen

18
Q

what is Uremia

A

syndrome of diarrhea, vomiting, etc from the toxicity of nitrogenous waste. treatment is hemodialysis or organ transplant

19
Q

what are the 2 kidney issues resulting from too much uric components in BUN

A

azotemia and uremia

20
Q

what causes the bad smell in bathrooms/urine

A

urine itself does not have bad smell. it is broken down by bacteria into ammonia which is gaseous and stanks

21
Q

what forms the trigon of the bladder and how many entrances/exits are there

A

2 entrances (openings of muscular ureters- pump urine peristaltically into the bladder)
1 exit (opening of urethra)

22
Q

the urethra carries urine out of the bladder via what

A

2 sphincters
1. internal urethral
2. external urethral

23
Q

what are the internal and external urethral sphincters muscle made of and are they involuntary or voluntary

A

internal urethral= smooth muscle, involuntary
external urethral= skeletal muscle, voluntary

24
Q

discuss the differences in the female and male urethra and bladders

A

Female= bladder right behind body wall (4cm of total urethra length- short)
Male= long urethra (20cm) in front of prostate gland

25
Q

what issues occur more in female bladders than in males

A

Female= UTI’s because of short urethra, external bacteria make way up into urinary system
Male= prostate issues. bladder releases urine through prostate and urethra then out of penis. prostate gland can swell (enlarge) as we age which constricts urine flow

A&P 2 (3 decks)

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