pt 2 Flashcards
How does the spiral of decline for inner cities go ?
relate it to Leicster statistics
- old factories close (once 20,000 people in textiles + 1 facotry employed 6.5k peeps, but now bareley any due to offshoring)
- land becomes derelict (decline in businesses)
- jobs lost
- people leave inner city (especially in most industrial areas, large leave in British Indians)
- less service demand so jobs are lost
- people leave
- only elderly and low income population remains
- little money put into economy (due to low tax pay)
- rise in crime (leicster has property crime reputation leading to less investment)
- quality of life decreases
why do urban areas expand so rapidly ?
- investment by TNCs creates wealth and jobsm making more space for investment
- opportunity improces e.g. pay, conditions and chance of promotion + new skills
- Rural areas have many push factors: low wage, fast population growthm underemployment, scarcity of goods and resources
- Higher productivity in cities leads to higher wages which improve quality of life and wages
- increased wealth increases taxes which improve public services
- increased rural-urban contrast which increases rates of migration
Where is urban growth occuring most
Asia in emergin countries: New Dehli (+43%), Beijing(+44%), Shanghai (+40%)
What movements take place from the Brandt line ?
- Largest flow is between souther areas (36%)
- 2nd Largest is between south to North (35%)
- 3rd Largest is between Northern nations (23%)
- Lowest between North to South
What is a hub city ?
A focal point of activity, such as trade (shanghai), buisness (london) or education and reaserch (cambridge)
Based off influence rather than size e.g. Washington DC is relativley small but is home to IMF, Pentagon and word bank
How are hubs able to grow ?
flows of money, goods and workers
physical and human resources for inital start up
links by politics and TNCs
What natural, human and governmental factors lead to global hubs
Natural resources:
-oil, coast, strategic areas, physical landscape e.g. relief and terrain
Human:
-large labour force, skilled labour, Afflience (attracts service providers), spoken languages (English in India)
Government:
-open door policy (open to flows of inwards investment)]
-flows of international migrants
-flows of caital and TNC investment
-Flows of internal migrants
What are Elite wage migrants and what effects do they have ?
- Skilled migrants often from developed countries, in the case of London many from Russia and Qatar
- Foreign buyers involved in 82% of deals
- in 10 years, 1/3 of residential foregin purchases were Russian
- > led to successfull developments but also led to outpricing accomodations
- Elite migrants often have few immigration demand
- They include: academics, film-makers, musicians, CEO’s, Programmers, bankers, sportsmen/woman, celebrties etc
What are Low wage migrants and what effects do they have ?
- Often come from emerging or developing countries
- UAE have 90% of workforece from foreign nations due to small population but high demand for workforce
- Thier Visas are often tied to work contract, less stable and ease of migration
- payed average of $4 a day in Qatar
- Often send remitances, India recieves $15 billion annually in remitances
- work quality often not as good, between 2012-13 about 964 foreign workers died in work related incidents in Qatar
What are the benefits and costs of international migration for host countries
Benefits:
-increased workforce, often fill much needed roles e.g. nurses and doctors
-rebalances ageing population
-migrants work jobs others may be reluctant to do
-many migrants are ambitious entrepreneurs who establish new and unique businesses
Costs:
-Can create social tensions (e.g. UKIP)
-increased pressure on public services (e.g. primary school places and hospitals)
-remittances take money out of host country economy rather than it being cycled through its markets
What are the benefits and costs of international migration for source countries
Benefits:
-Migrant remittances contribute to economy and earnings, 25% of Nepal’s earnings come from remittances
-Less public spending on housing and health (Poland’s unemployment dropped by half since 2004)
-Migrants and or their children may return, bringing new skills and making new businesses
Costs:
-economic loss of human resources, schooled at government expense and money is not returned due to migration
-reduced economic growth as consumption falls
-closure of universities due to lack of students
-closure of urban services (many in entertainment) as young adult market declines, bringing decline and dereliction to environments (many night clubs shut down in Warsaw)
How does international migrations cause interdependence ?
- Areas of East Europe depend on remittances
- -Poland receives: ($2 billion-Germany, $1.1 Billion from UK and $800 million from USA)
- Many Polish people do jobs in UK that there would otherwise be a shortage of people doing
- some smaller nations e.g. Qatar have workforce of which 50% are migrants
- Due to this interdependence, stronger political ties are made
Define Culture and its 6 common traits
Culture: a collective system om shared meaning
- Traditions: everyday behaviour, manners transmitted through generations e.g. thank you, shaking hands
- Language: National language and local variations/dialect e.g. Góralski, Ślązacki
- Food: National dishes which reflect crops and herbs of the environment
- Clothing: traditions in clothing often reflect climate of the area
- religion: include main world religions and local variants, important cultural traits as it influences other traits and is highly resistant to change
- Arts: reflect social beliefs, views etc
how is the “global culture” spread by soft power
soft power: when global influence of a country causes other nations to derive from its culture, politics and diplomacy::
-TNC’s: Global companies release uniform products across the world which bring common characteristics to different cultures
-Global Media: Disney’s stories spread western festivals such as Halloween or Christmas and BBC gives window view on British lifestyles, TV Shows and videogames such as Pokémon have hard a major influence on pop culture
Migration + tourism: During age of empires, Europeans travelled and spread their languages and culture to new to them nations, tourists today also bring over new ideas to different cultures. e.g. British brought cricket to south Asia. This spread has had little effect on cultural traits
How was “global culture” spread by imperialism
- One countries culture is promoted other another. Typically a large, economically and or militarily powerful nation imposes over a smaller/less powerful country
- E.g. British, French and Belgian imperialism over Africa, Spanish colonisation of South America, switching their languages and religion etc
