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PT 102 > PT 102 Exam #2 > Flashcards

PT 102 Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of exercise is performed by a person with manual or mechanical assistance?

A

Active assistive exercise (pulleys, wand, PT moving body part on pt)

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2
Q

What type of exercise is performed by a person without any manual or mechanical assistance?

A

Active Exercise

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3
Q

This is a decrease in normal size of cells, tissues, organs or body parts (usually happens b/c of disuse)

A

atrophy

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4
Q

What are some types of equipment found in a typical patient cubicle in the ICU?

A

IV, central venous catheter, urinary catheter, drainage tubes, pulse oximeter, oxygen or leads going from the pt to monitor vital signs, respirator.

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5
Q

What does the NICU stand for?

A

Neurological (neuro) intensive care unit or neonatal intensive recovery unit

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6
Q

Name some specialized patient care units?

A

BWICU: burn wound intensive care unit, CCU: coronary care unit or critical care unit, CSICU: cardiac surgery intensive care unit, ER: emergency room, ICU: intensive care unit, PACU: postanesthesia care unit, PICU: pediatric or psychiatric intensive care unit, RICU: respiratory intensive care unit

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7
Q

What patient factors should be considered before and during treatment?

A

Medical history, sedation/level of alertness, cognition/ability to learn, active participation level, medical stability, activity tolerance, adequate proximal muscle strength

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8
Q

Overall goals of treatment for pts in the ICU are?

A

Minimize or prevent the adverse effects of inactivity & immobility, & help each person become functionally independent

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9
Q

Some examples of basic ADLs are?

A

Walking independently, bathing, eating, dressing, grooming, transferring from a bed to a chair & toileting

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10
Q

When pts are in the ICU, it is of utmost important to prevent the development of contractures, how can we do that?

A

Passive & active exercise, proper positioning & body alignment

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11
Q

PROM & AROM exercises help stimulate what system?

A

Sensory system; increases sensory awareness & coordination

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12
Q

What is the standard progression of treatment for a PT in the ICU

A

Assess bed mobility (rolling, scooting & bridging), assess supine to sit transfer, sitting on the edge of the bed, establish measurable and attainable patient goals, EOB activities, transfer training, gait training

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13
Q

What is the trendelenburgs’ position?

A

Patient lies supine with the head lower than the rest of the body

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14
Q

What condition would a pt be using a air-fluidized bed?

A

pts who have several infected lesions or require skin protection & who’s position cannot be altered easily

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15
Q

When would you use a turning frame bed?

A

Skeletal stability & alignment are desired; to permit a pt to be turned horizontally fem prone to supine or vice versa

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16
Q

Posttrauma mobility bed are indicated for which type of patients?

A

Restricted respiratory function or advanced or multiple pressure ulcers or for pts who require stabilization & skeletal alignment after extensive trauma or as result of severe neuro deficits.

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17
Q

An low air loss therapy bed is used for?

A

pts who require prolonged immobilization, who are at high risk of developing pressure ulcers or who have existing ulcers, who condition requires frequent elevation of the trunk to promote proper respiratory function, & who are obese

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18
Q

What is the purpose of a ventilator?

A

To maintain adequate & appropriate air exchange when normal respiration is inhibited or cannot be actively performed by the patient

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19
Q

Name a few types of ventilators

A

Volume-cycled (COPD), pressure cycled (neuron/muscular distress) negative pressure device (poliomyelitis)

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20
Q

The right atrial catheter (Hickman) is inserted through the cephalic or internal jugular vein. When transferring a patient with this catheter, WHAT DON’T YOU WANT TODO?!

A

DO NOT roll them on that side of the body!!!! & don’t let that catheter come out of the body, avoid shoulder motion

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21
Q

What is the swan-ganz catheter?

A

Inserted into the internal jugular or femoral vein, provides info about PAP, cardiovascular system

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22
Q

The ventricular catheter highly accurately measures what in the brain?

A

ICP inter cranial pulse, and allows for the withdrawal of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

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23
Q

What enzyme is at high levels in a person heart after an myocardial infarction?

A

creatine kinase (CK)

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24
Q

An Oximeter is positioned on or attached to a patient’s finger or ear, and it measures and reports the _____ rate and % _____ of the blood.

A

Pulse; SaO2 (Saturated Oxygen)

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25
Q

___________ is initiated in patients for a variety of medical reasons, the most common being to prevent _____ after surgery.

A

Anticoagulation; clots

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26
Q

What are the three most common intravenous infusion sites?

A

Upper extremity, Lower extremity, and head

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27
Q

What are some complications with intravenous therapy?

A

Phlebitis (pain in limb); Thrombophlebitis (painful intravenous site); Air embolism; Infection at site; Systemic infection; Allergic reaction

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28
Q

Name three modes of oxygen delivery?

A

Nasal cannula, oronasal mask, and nasal catheter

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29
Q

While transferring pt’s with urinary catheters, what should you avoid doing?

A

Position the catheter above the bladder and make sure it is not full

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30
Q

Tubes that are placed in the anterior or lateral chest wall, promote the removal of air, as in treating ________?

A

Pneumothorax

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31
Q

A surgically produced opening in the abdomen to allow the elimination of feces is called?

A

An Ostomy

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32
Q

______ is applied to an extremity in order to align fracture segments, stretch soft tissue, reduce muscle spasm or contractures, and immobilize the patient.

A

Traction

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33
Q

_______ is used for patients who experience acute or end stage renal disease.

A

Dialysis

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34
Q

The object of dialysis is?

A

Prevent infection; restore the normal levels of fluids & electrolytes; control the acid-base balance; remove waste & toxic materials; and assist in or replace normal kidney function

35
Q

While moving an object, as PTA can do the what in order to generate some motion to overcome inertia; or to reduce contact between the object and the surface on which it rests (which reduces friction between the object and the underlying surface)?

A

Rocking, tipping, or partially lifting the object.

36
Q

Shortening or tightening of the skin, muscle, fascia, or joint capsule that prevents normal movement or flexibility of the involved structure is called?

A

Contracture

37
Q

Deficiency of blood in a part because of functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel is called?

A

Ischemia

38
Q

Morphological changes indicative of cell death is called?

A

Necrosis

39
Q

A position of comfort may be a position that could lead to the development of a soft-tissue _________.

A

Contracture

40
Q

How often should a PTA change a pt’s position in order to avoid contractures?

A

At least every 2 hours.

41
Q

Folds or wrinkles in linen beneath the pt should be removed in order to avoid “what”?

A

Increased skin pressure that may lead to ulcers.

42
Q

Red areas indicate areas of pressure, and pale or _______ areas may indicate severe, dangerous pressure.

A

Blanched

43
Q

Pressure to a localized area of soft tissue, especially when there is an underlying bony prominence, produces local _______.

A

Ischemia

44
Q

Over time increased pressure to a localized area of soft tissue can lead to _______, or “cell death”.

A

Necrosis

45
Q

When placing a patient in the supine position, a small pillow or cervical roll can be placed under the patient’s head. However excessive neck and upper back _______ or scapular ________ should be avoided

A

Flexion; abduction

46
Q

The areas of greatest pressure when the patient is in the supine position are:

A

Occipital tuberosity, spine and inferior angle of the scapular, spinus processes of the vertebrae, posterior iliac crests, sacrum, and posterior calcaneus.

47
Q

What should be avoided for a patient with a transfemoral amputation?

A

The residual limb (RL) should not be elevated on a pillow while a patient is supine for more than a few minutes of each hour; the patient should be limited to sitting no more than 40 minutes of each hour; hip abduction of the RL should be avoided to prevent a contracture of the hip abductor muscles (periodic prone lying is recommended).

48
Q

What should be avoided for a patient with a transtibial amputation?

A

Prolonged hip and knee flexion; the RL should not be elevated on a pillow while the patient is supine for more than a few minutes of each hour; when the patient sits, stands or is recumbent, the hip and knee should be maintained in extension (periodic prone lying is recommended)

49
Q

What should be avoided for a patient with a hemiplegia (upper extremity)?

A

Prolonged shoulder adduction and internal rotation, elbow flexion, forearm supination/pronation, wrist/finger/thumb flexion and finger/thumb adduction should be avoided.

50
Q

What should be avoided for a patient with a hemiplegia (lower extremity)?

A

Prolonged hip and knee flexion, hip external rotation, and ankle plantar flexion/inversion should be avoided

51
Q

What should be avoided when treating pt’s with Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

Prolonged immobilization of the affected extremity joints should be avoided, particularly if the joint is maintained in flexion.

52
Q

What should be avoided when treating pt’s with Burns?

A

Prolonged positioning of the joints that have been affected by the burn or graft used to repair the wound. Prolonged flexion / addiction of most peripheral joints should be avoided when the burn is located on the flexor or abductor surface of a joint.

53
Q

The primary reasons to appropriately drape or clothe a pt are to:

A

1) expose or free an area to be treated, 2) provide modesty, 3) maintain a comfortable body temperature, and 4) protect the skin and clothing from becoming soiled or damaged.

54
Q

What does SOAP stand for?

A

subjective, objective, assessment, plan

55
Q

In what section of SOAP would the “what will happen next” go into?

A

Plan

56
Q

This section of SOAP in where the PT interprets the subject & objective data: is the pt safe to go home?

A

Assessment

57
Q

What the definition of a transfer?

A

Moving patients from one surface to another while protecting the patients & PTs safety

58
Q

Provide_______ support necessary to achieve maximum patient safety!

A

Minimum

59
Q

Subjective info includes?

A

What the pt says, info that you can’t confirm

60
Q

What does the objective info include?

A

test & measurements, functional activities, report of what intervention were performed including HEP

61
Q

What are some guiding principles when transferring patients?

A

move towards the strong side, make sure surfaces are even, use a gait belt

62
Q

In order to max your mechanical advantage, you need to use certain points of control, please name them.

A

Hips, ischial tuberosity, ribs, scapula & axila

63
Q

Independent grade of assistance means what in the amount of effort by pt & PT

A

100%-pt 0%-PT

64
Q

Min-assist grade of assistance means what in the amount of effort by pt & PT

A

at least 75-99%-pt up to 25%-PT

65
Q

moderate assist grade of assistance means what in the amount of effort by pt & PT

A

50%-pt 50%-PT

66
Q

MAX asset grade of assistance means what in the amount of effort by pt & PT

A

0-25%-pt 25 99%-PT

67
Q

DEPENDENT grade of assistance means what in the amount of effort by pt & PT

A

0%-pt 100%-PT

68
Q

When the PTA stays close to a patient but does not touch them, this known as_____ supervision?

A

Close supervision

69
Q

What type of supervision is allows the pt to be away from therapist during their treatment plan?

A

Distant supervision

70
Q

” the little touch” provided by the therapist in order to help balance the pt (hand on pt for stability not helping them perform the exss)

A

Contact Guard

71
Q

Name the 2 type of cues while treating patients?

A

verbal (instructions), tactile (touching)

72
Q

Why do we encourage the pt todo the activity by themselves? (purpose of pt INVOLVEMENT)

A

Patients max participation will allow them to get better, go home and help themselves. Be more independent.

73
Q

When planning a transfer the therapist should perform the following steps

A

1) have a clear plan in mind 2) encourage the pt’s max participation 3) give clear instructions 4) shoes or skid proof socks 5) prepare the environment

74
Q

What does the term “end feel” mean?

A

the resistance sensed or lack of from the soft tissue or joint capsule or other joint structures as the PROM is being performed.

75
Q

What does the empty end feel mean?

A

No end feel is elicited b/c the pt does not permit full ROM usually due to acute pain.

76
Q

What is an example of a soft end feel?

A

when soft tissues are compressed or stetted (elbow or knee flexion)

77
Q

What is an example of a hard end feel?

A

Bony block or resistance is reached (elbow extension)

78
Q

Which conditions require special precautions during transfers?

A

total joint replacement, low back trauma or discomfort, spinal cord injury, burns, hemiplegia, CVA

79
Q

Types of Transfer

A

stand pivot, moving up & down in bed, side to side (assisted, unassisted), dependent to & from stretcher, dependent lift from wheelchair to table, up & down from floor, pneumatic lift (hoyer), sliding board, scoop pivot, bariatirc transfers

80
Q

How to maximize your mechanical advantage ?

A

gait belt, use transfer board, mechanical lift (hoyer), get help from others if you need it, make sure pt is doing as much as they can to help, build momentum, pts of control (hips, ishium, waist, axilla

81
Q

When transferring pts keep an eye out for these bad boys (cautions)

A

enviornmental surfaces- cords, unlocked brakes, iv cords, ng tubes, catheter bags, o2 tanks, etc.
At risk pts- THR, TBI, CVA
Be prepared for anything, have another plan (what is the pt faints, losses bladder control?)

82
Q

Why do we need to document?

A

to CYA, to explain why and what happened during treatment, pt attendance, insurance purposes, validate need for PT, share info btw disciplines, 4 the facility & pt

83
Q

Documentation should include

A

1) level of assistance needed by pt (i.e. min, max assist) 2) verbal or tactile cues 3) type of supervision needed 4)SOAP notes

PT 102 (2 decks)

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