Psychpathology Flashcards
Neural explanations of OCD
Focuses on the neural and ______ chemical factors that can cause ocd , when we encounter a ________ stimulus the orbitofrontal cortex detects the worrying ________ and selects a appropriate action to deal with the ________ once the action has been selected the orbital frontal cortex send signals to part of the brain that controls our _________ with is the motor cortex next the basal ganglia monitors the outcome of our actions and when a worrying stimulus has been dealt with the _______ ganglia sends inhibitory signals back to the orbitalfrontal cortex to shut down the _______ related to the worrying stimulus. People with OCD have impaired communication between the basal ________ and the orbital ______ cortex the signals to from the basal ganglia to the orbitalfrontal cortex are much weaker than usual so it’s less inhibited and becomes _______ wich generate the symptoms of ocd.
Neural explanations of OCD
Focuses the the neural and neural chemical factors that can cause ocd , when we encounter a worrying stimulus the orbitofrontal cortex detects the worrying stimulus and selects a appropriate action to deal with the stimulus once the action has been selected the orbital frontal cortex send signals to part of the brain that controls our movement with is the motor cortex next the basal ganglia monitors the outcome of our actions and when a worrying stimulus has been dealt with the basal ganglia sends inhibitory signals back to the orbitalfrontal cortex to shut down the signals related to the worrying stimulus. People with OCD have impaired communication between the basal ganglia and the orbital frontal cortex the signals to from the basal ganglia to the orbitalfrontal cortex are much weaker than usual so it’s less inhibited and becomes hyperactive wich generate the symptoms of ocd.
Max et al studied a girl with OCD after having brain damage they conducted an ____ and found that the girl had damaged her basal ganglia which suggests structural ________ to the basal ganglia can cause ocd supporting the idea that disturbed _________ between the basal ganglia and the _____________ is the cause for OCD.
Saxena and rauch reviewed brain imaging studies which compared the brain activity of ______ who had ocd and with the brain activity of adult without ocd, the researchers found increased _______ activity in the orbitalfrontalcortex in the adults with ocd compared to controlled this suggests _________ of the orbitalfrontalcortex may cause the symptoms of ocd supporting the neural explanations of ocd
Max et al studied a girl with OCD after having brain damage they conducted an MRI and found that the girl had damaged her basal ganglia which suggests structural damage to the basal ganglia can cause ocd supporting the idea that disturbed communication between the basal ganglia and the orbitalfrontalcortex is the cause for OCD.
Saxena and rauch reviewed brain imaging studies which compared the brain activity of adults who had ocd and with the brain activity of adult without ocd, the researchers found increased brain activity in the orbitalfrontalcortex in the adults with ocd compared to controlled this suggests hyperactivity of the off may cause the symptoms of ocd supporting the neural expositions of ocd
Evaluation
Results from brain images are ___________ and haven’t always been replicable. Aylward found no difference between the ________ ganglia of people with OCD and health controls suggesting structural ________ to the basal ganglia and hyperactivity in the orbitalfrontalcortex might not be the only ______.
Results from brain images are inconsistent and haven’t always been replicable. Aylward found no difference between the basal ganglia of people with OCD and health controls suggesting structural damage to the basal ganglia and hyperactivity in the orbitalfrontalcortex might not be the only causes.
Genetic explanation of OCD say we can inherit ocd and there specific ______ on different genes that can increase a persons risk of developing ______. One of these genes are the _______ gene which produces re-uptake proteins that carry ________ back into the pre-synaptic terminal and the more protein that is produced the less serotonin is available at the _________. The ______ allele of SERT genes produces more re-uptake protein than the short allele casing less serotonin to be available at the synapse and there by causing less inhibition _______ of neural activity in the post synaptic neurone and because of this the long allele is associated with ocd
Genetic explanation of OCD say we can inherit ocd and there specific alleles on different genes that can increase a persons risk of developing OCD. One of these genes are the SERT gene which produces re-uptake proteins that carry serotonin back into the pre-synaptic terminal and the more protein that is produced the less serotonin is available at the synapse. The long allele of SERT genes produces more re-uptake protein than the short allele casing less serotonin to be available at the synapse and there by causing less inhibition of neural activity in the post synaptic neurone and because of this the long allele is associated with ocd
Billet et all carried out review on twin study and found that the concordance rate for ocd was _____ for monozygotic twins and 31% for dizygotic twins and this big difference between the concordance rates and the _____ of twins with ocd indicates ocd is partially inherited.
One limitation of this study is that it assumes that monozygotic twins and dizygotic have the same amount shared ____________. This might not be true because identical twins are more likely to be treated the same than dizygotic twins. So the high ___________ rate might be caused by shared environmental factors
Billet et all carried out review on twin study and found that the concordance rate for ocd was 68% for monozygotic twins and 31% for dizygotic twins and this big difference between the concordance rates and the type of twins with ocd indicates ocd is partially inherited.
One limitation of this study is that it assumes that monozygotic twins and dizygotic have the same amount shared environments. This might not be true because identical twins are more likely to be treated the same than dizygotic twins. So the high concordance rate might be caused by shared environmental factors
The biological approach to treating ocd
SSRIs block serotonin _________ which means there is more serotonin available at the synapses at the _________ this lead to more inhibition of neural activity in orbitalfrontalcortex reducing __________ of neurones in this brain region that cause obsessions and ___________.
Tricyclics block the transporter mechanism that re absorbs both serotonin and ___________ in the presynaptic cell after it has fired. As a result more these neurone transmitters are left in the synapse, prolonging their ___________, and easing transmission of the next impulse.
Other drugs like ___________ ( gamma aminobutyic acid ) a neurotransmitter that when released has a quietening effect on many of the neurones in the brain .
SSRIs block serotonin reuptake which means there is more serotonin available at the synapses at the orbitalfrontalcortex this lead to more inhibition of neural activity in orbitalfrontalcortex reducing hyperactivity of neurones in this brain region that cause obsessions and compulsions.
Tricyclics block the transporter mechanism that re absorbs both serotonin and Noraadrenaline in the presynaptic cell after it has fired. As a result more these neurone transmitters are left in the synapse, prolonging their activity, and easing transmission of the next impulse.
Other drugs like GABA ( gamma aminobutyic acid ) a neurotransmitter that when released has a quietening effect on many of the neurones in the brain .
Study of 17 studies soomri found that 70% of the adults with OCD who were treated with _______ experienced an improvement in symptoms.
Another strength is that they are cost effective for health care services to provide.
Limitation is that SSRIs can cause side effects as they block _________ re-uptake in the whole brain and this can cause _______ side effects. Soomri et al found that patients treated with SSRIs experienced side effects like nausea ________ and insomnia
Another limitation is that if patients stop taking SSRIs they may ________ so patients have to keep taking the drug indefinitely and cope with side effects in order to prevent relapse.
And they might not being effective at treating the _________ cause of ocd. There might be other contributing factors like cognitive factors. So we may need to combine drug treatment with cognitive treatment such as ______.
Study of 17 studies soomri found that 70% of the adults with OCD who were treated with SSRIs experienced an improvement in symptoms.
Another strength is that they are cost effective for health care services to provide.
Limitation is that SSRIs can cause side effects as they block serotonin re-uptake in the whole brain and this can cause unwanted side effects. Soomri et al found that patients treated with SSRIs experienced side effects like nausea headaches and insomnia
Another limitation is that if patients stop taking SSRIs they may relapse so patients have to keep taking the drug indefinitely and cope with side effects in order der to prevent relapse.
And they might not being effective at treating the underlying cause of ocd. There might be other contributing factors like cognitive factors. So we may need to combine drug treatment with cognitive treatment such as CBT.
Major depression is a mental disorder that affects a person mood and characterised by 7 major symptoms which are low _____’ loss of _______ , irrational negative beliefs, difficulty concentrating, change in appetite, change in sleep patterns, social __________.
Manic depression is when a person experiences low mood that lasts for at least ____ week which is a depressive episode then experiencing high mood which last for one week which is called a ______ episode , the altering and cycle of the two episodes is called bipolar _______ or manic depression.
Major depression is a mental disorder that affects a person mood and characterised by 7 major symptoms which are low mood’ loss of pleasure , irrational negative beliefs, difficulty concentrating, change in appetite, change in sleep patterns, social withdrawal.
Manic depression is when a person experiences low mood that lasts for at least 1 week which is a depressive episode then experiencing high mood which last for one week which is called a manic episode , the altering and cycle of the two episodes is called bipolar disorder or manic depression.
Ellis ABC model
When people experience _______ events the experience can be broken down to 3 steps. The __________ event happens then people form a _________ of the activating event this influences their behaviour thoughts and feeling which are the ___________ of the belief. According to Ellis ABC model when a person with depression experiences a negative Activating event they form _________ Beliefs about the Activating event and as a ________________ of those beliefs they experience the symptoms of depression.
Becks _________ triad categories irrational negative beliefs into three types which are either about the self the _______ or the future next negative self schemas cause these irrational negative _______ meaning people form negative ________ about themselves. Beck suggested people with depression have negative cognitive _______ this means they fixate on negative information which is assimilated into their negative self scheme making their schema even _________.
Ellis ABC model
When people experience negative events the experience can be broken down to 3 steps. The Activating event happens then people form a Belief of the activating event this influences their behaviour thoughts and feeling which are the Consequences of the belief. According to Ellis ABC model when a person with depression experiences a negative Activating event they form irrational Beliefs about the Activating event and as a Consequence of those beliefs they experience the symptoms of depression.
Becks cognitive triad categories irrational negative beliefs into three types which are either about the self the world or the future next negative self schemas cause these irrational negative beliefs meaning people form negative expectations about themselves. Beck suggested people with depression have negative cognitive biases this means they fixate on negative information which is assimilated into their negative self scheme making their schema even stronger.
Koster study offers support for the role of cognitive negative biases in __________. Participants sat in front of a computer and a positive neutral or negative word would _________ up on the screen then a square would appear somewhere on the screen and the participants had to press a button as fast can they could to indicate where the square appeared. The dv was reaction time to press the button the iv was where the participants had major ___________ or not. Results found that after being presented with a negative word participation with major depression took _________ than the controls to indicate where the square had appeared but this effect was not displayed with positive or neutral words suggesting that people with major depression ________ on negatives.
Koster study offers support for the role of cognitive negative biases in depression. Participants sat in front of a computer and a positive neutral or negative word would flash up on the screen then a square would appear somewhere on the screen and the participants had to press a button as fast can they could to indicate where the square appeared. The dv was reaction time to press the button the iv was where the participants had major depression or not. Results found that after being presented with a negative word participation with major depression took longer than the controls to indicate where the square had appeared but this effect was not displayed with positive or neutral words suggesting that people with major depression focus on negatives.
Cognitive behavioural therapy is treatment for depression that aims to remove __________ beliefs that cause depression. First the therapist helps the patients to identify their irrational negative __________ then the therapist challenged each irrational belief next the patient is set homework to test their __________ and finally the therapist and patient evaluate the evidence together in the next _________.
Cognitive behavioural therapy is treatment for depression that aims to remove negative beliefs that cause depression. First the therapist helps the patients to identify their irrational negative beliefs then the therapist challenged each irrational belief next the patient is set homework to test their hypothesis and finally the therapist and patient evaluate the evidence together in the next sessions.
Two ________ model
First stage in classical conditioning then the next is ______ conditioning
Initiation
A phobia is acquired through association- a association between a neutral ____ such as a whit furry rat , and a loud noise results in a new stimulus response being learned.
UCS=UCR
NS=____
____=CR
A fear is then maintained by operant conditioning as if behaviour is __________ is more likely to be repeated. In the case of a phobia, the avoidance of the phobic stimulus reduces fear and is thus reinforcing. Which is negative reinforcement as they are escaping from an __________ situation.
Two process model
First stage in classical conditioning then the next is operant
Initiation
A phobia is acquired through association- a association between a neutral stimulus such as a whit furry rat , and a loud noise results in a new stimulus response being learned.
UCS=UCR
NS=UCS
CS=CR
A fear is then maintained by operant conditioning as if behaviour is rewarding is more likely to be repeated. In the case of a phobia, the avoidance of the phobic stimulus reduces fear and is thus reinforcing. Which is negative reinforcement as they are escaping from an unpleasant situation.
Evaluation
If a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a fearful ___________ the result should be a phobia, but this doesn’t always happen.
Research has found, for example that not everyone who is bitten by a dog develops a _______ of dogs. This could be explained by the diathesis stress model. This proposes states that we inherit genetic vulnerability for developing mental ________. However, a disorder will only manifest itself if triggered by a life event, such as being bitten by a dog.
Suggesting that a dog bite would only lead to a phobia in those people with such vulnerability. Therefore the behavioural explanation is incomplete on its own .
Evaluation
If a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a fearful experience the result should be a phobia, but this doesn’t always happen.
Research has found, for example that not everyone who is bitten by a dog develops a phobia of dogs. This could be explained by the diathesis stress model. This proposes states that we inherit genetic vulnerability for developing mental disorders. However, a disorder will only manifest itself if triggered by a life event, such as being bitten by a dog.
Suggesting that a dog bite would only lead to a phobia in those people with such vulnerability. Therefore the behavioural explanation is incomplete on its own .
Another limitation of the two process. Model is that there are cognitive aspects that cannot be explained in a traditionally ____________ framework.
The cognitive approach proposes that phobias may develop as a consequence of _____________ thinking. For example a person in a lift may think: I could become trapped in here and suffocate (an irrational thought). Such thoughts create extreme ________ and may trigger a phobia.
Another limitation of the two process. Model is that there are cognitive aspects that cannot be explained in a traditionally behaviourist framework.
The cognitive approach proposes that phobias may develop as a consequence of irrational thinking. For example a person in a lift may think: I could become trapped in here and suffocate (an irrational thought). Such thoughts create extreme anxiety and may trigger a phobia.
Systematic Desensitisation
Counterconditioning - the patient is taught , through classical conditioning, to associate the ______ stimulus with a new response. In this way their anxiety is reduced- they are ________.
Relaxation - therapist teaches patient relaxation techniques, focusing on their ________ when they are anxious we breath quickly so slowing it down helps us relax.
Desensitisation hierarchy
SD works by __________ introducing the person to the ________ situation one step at a time so it is not as overwhelming. At each stage the patient practices relaxations so the situation becomes more familiar less ____________ and their anxiety diminishes.
Flooding
The person with phobia is _________ in the experience in one long session, experiencing theirs phobia at its _______. The session continues until the patient anxiety had disappeared.
Systematic Desensitisation
Counterconditioning - the patient is taught , through classical conditioning, to associate the phobic stimulus with a new response. In this way their anxiety is reduced- they are desensitised.
Relaxation - therapist teaches patient relaxation techniques, focusing on their breathing when they are anxious we breath quickly so slowing it down helps us relax.
Desensitisation hierarchy
SD works by gradually introducing the person to the feared situation one step at a time so it is not as overwhelming. At each stage the patient practices relaxations so the situation becomes more familiar less overwhelming and their anxiety diminishes.
Flooding
The person with phobia is immersed in the experience in one long session, experiencing theirs phobia at its worst. The session continues until the patients anxiety had disappeared.
