Attachment

Question 1

________working model
An infant learns about a relationship from __________-the infant learns what relationship ______ and how partners in a relationship ______ towards each other.it is ________ because it is uses to ______ the behaviour of others in the future.

Answer 1

Internal working model
An infant learns about a relationship from experience-the infant learns what relationship are and how partners in a relationship behave towards each other.it is operable because it is uses to predict the behaviour of others in the future.

Question 2

Behaviours influenced by the internal working model
Childhood friendships: in a study of the Minnesota child found continuity between early _____________and later emotional behaviour. Individuals who were classified as ___________attached in infancy were highest rated for social _______.

Romantic relationships: individuals show were _______attached had longer lasting romantic relationships.

Mental health: children with attachment disorder have no preferred _________figure, an inability to interact and relate to others.

Answer 2

Behaviours influenced by the internal working model
Childhood friendships: in a study of the Minnesota child found continuity between early attachment and later emotional behaviour. Individuals who were classified as securely attached in infancy were highest rated for social competence.

Romantic relationships: individuals show were securely attached had longer lasting romantic relationships.

Mental health: children with attachment disorder have no preferred attachment figure, an inability to interact and relate to others.

Question 3

Evaluation
A Criticism of attachment research is that is is overly _________________. For example, the researcher by Hazan and shaver suggests that very early attachment experiences have a fixed effect on later ________relationships: children who are _________attached at one year of age are doomed to experience emotionally unsatisfactory relationships as _______. This is not the case as researchers have found plenty of instances where participants were happy relationships despite not having been ________ attached as infants.

Answer 3

Evaluation
A Criticism of attachment research is that is is overly deterministic. For example, the researcher by Hazan and shaver suggests that very early attachment experiences have a fixed effect on later adult relationships: children who are insecure attached at one year of age are doomed to experience emotionally unsatisfactory relationships as adults. This is not the case as researchers have found plenty of instances where participants were happy relationships despite not having been securely attached as infants.

Question 4

Evaluation
The research linking the _______working model with ___________relationships is correlational rather than experimental. Therefore we can’t claim that the relationship between early attachment and, for example, later love styles is one of cause and _______. It is possible that both attachment style and later love styles are cause by something different such as innate _____________. An infants ______________ affects the way a parent responds and thus may be determine factor in infants attachment type. The individuals temperament may explain their issues good or bad with ________later in life .

Answer 4

Evaluation
The research linking the internal working model with later relationships is correlational rather than experimental. The fore we can’t claim that the relationship between early attachment and, for example, later love styles is one of cause and effect. It is possible that both attachment style and later love styles are cause by something different such as innate temperament. An infants temperament affects the way a parent responds and thus may be determine factor in infants attachment type. The individuals temperament may explain their issues good or bad with relationships later in life.

Question 5

What is institutionalisation?
It refers to children spending a period of _____ within an institute such as an orphanage where there is often little ________ care provided.

Answer 5

What is institutionalisation?
It refers to children spending a period of time within an institute such as an orphanage where there is often little emotional care provided.

Question 6

Describe the effects of institutionalisation
________ detachment disorder - This is caused by an extreme lack of sensitive responsiveness from a parent in early life and it leads top children unable to _________ or love others, they ultimately end up isolated, selfish and aggressive and can end up being sociopathic.

____________ attachment disorder- This is where a child may select attachment figures _____________ which can cause them to become overly comfortable around strangers.

Answer 6

Reactive detachment disorder - This is caused by an extreme lack of sensitive responsiveness from a parent in early life and it leads top children unable to trust or love others, they ultimately end up isolated, selfish and aggressive and can end up being sociopathic.

Disinhibited attachment disorder- This is where a child may select attachment figures discriminately which can cause them to become overly comfortable around strangers.

Question 7

Describe evidence for the effects of institutionalisation
A longitudinal study was conducted on _____ Romanian orphans who had been adopted to the UK to see what extent good care could make up for effects institutions.
Many aspects of the child’s development were assessed at 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of age. A control group of ______ British children adopted at the same time was used. They found that 50% of the children showed signs of mental retardation/____________. Children adopted before 6 months has an average IQ of _______, between 6 and two years were 90 and after 2 years 80.
Children adopted after 6 months were more likely to show signs of ________ attachment disorder and disinhibited attachment disorder.

Zenah assesed attachment in 95 children aged 1-3 years old that spent 90% of their life ___________. Compared to a control group of 50 participants. He used the strange situation to measure attachment type. He found that there were 65% insecure and 19% were _________. The control group had ________ secure.

Answer 7

A longitudinal study was conducted on 156 Romanian orphans who had been adopted to the UK to see what extent good care could make up for effects institutions.
Many aspects of the child’s development were assessed at 4, 6, 11 and 15 years of age. A control group of 52 British children adopted at the same time was used. They found that 50% of the children showed signs of mental retardation/malnourished. Children adopted before 6 months has an average IQ of 100, between 6 and two years were 90 and after 2 years 80.
Children adopted after 6 months were more likely to show signs of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited attachment disorder.

Zenah assesed attachment in 95 children aged 1-3 years old that spent 90% of their life institutionalised. Compared to a control group of 50 participants. He used the strange situation to measure attachment type. He found that there were 65% insecure and 19% were secure. The control group had 74% secure.

Question 8

Evaluate these roman orphanage studies
:( - The use of a longitudinal study means that it is at risk to _________ (people dropping out). This was in fact the case as there was a fairly large amount of dropouts, this means the sample could be biased as the people that stayed could be ones of a particular personality etc. This reduces the value of the __________ the research gives about institutionalisation.

:) - There are practical applications that came with this research, for example many orphanages now work in a way that each orphan has a key ________ that they are looked after by in order to create a strong bond between them, instead of having many different workers.

:( - The data collection methods are criticised for being __________ as there is no factual measurement. They used self reports which are prone to social desirability, as the participants could easily lie about their attachments.

:) - Often research that has been done into institutionalisation uses children that have been through other situations such as _____, whereas the sample in this where only put through institutionalisation so the effects are isolated.

Answer 8

Evaluate these roman orphanage studies
:( - The use of a longitudinal study means that it is at risk to attrition (people dropping out). This was in fact the case as there was a fairly large amount of dropouts, this means the sample could be biased as the people that stayed could be ones of a particular personality etc. This reduces the value of the insight the research gives about institutionalisation.

:) - There are practical applications that came with this research, for example many orphanages now work in a way that each orphan has a key worker that they are looked after by in order to create a strong bond between them, instead of having many different workers.

:( - The data collection methods are criticised for being subjective as there is no factual measurement. They used self reports which are prone to social desirability, as the participants could easily lie about their attachments.

:) - Often research that has been done into institutionalisation uses children that have been through other situations such as abuse, whereas the sample in this where only put through institutionalisation so the effects are isolated.

Question 9

Outline the influence of early attachment on later relationships
Relationships with the ________ provides the child with an internal working model which is a _______ of self worth and will effect all other relationships in the future.

Attachment types are associated with the quality of peer relationships. Bullying behaviour can be predicted from attachment types. 196 children ages 7-1 were given questionnaires about bullying. They found that ________ children were very unlikely to be involved in ________, avoidant were most likely to be victims, and resistant the bullies.

A love quiz was created and printed in a local newspaper which had three sections; assessed participants current relationship, general number of love _________ and assessed attachment type. They found that 56% of participants were __________, 25% avoidant and 19% resistant. _________ participants were most likely to be in a good long lasting relationship, avoidant tended to be jealous of intimacy and resistant were likely to be single.

Answer 9

Outline the influence of early attachment on later relationships
Relationships with the monotropy provides the child with an internal working model which is a template of self worth and will effect all other relationships in the future.

Attachment types are associated with the quality of peer relationships. Bullying behaviour can be predicted from attachment types. 196 children ages 7-1 were given questionnaires about bullying. They found that secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying, avoidant were most likely to be victims, and resistant the bullies.

A love quiz was created and printed in a local newspaper which had three sections; assessed participants current relationship, general number of love experiences and assessed attachment type. They found that 56% of participants were secure, 25% avoidant and 19% resistant. Secure participants were most likely to be in a good long lasting relationship, avoidant tended to be jealous of intimacy and resistant were likely to be single.

Question 10

Evaluate the influence of early attachment on later relationships
:( - Most of the research used _________ report techniques which are at risk to social desirability and given the sensitive topic of the research this is very likely to have occurred, devaluing the value of the insight.

:( - The _____________ nature of the research as it involved asking participants about their childhood which realistically they may not recall accurately.

Answer 10

Evaluate the influence of early attachment on later relationships
:( - Most of the research used self report techniques which are at risk to social desirability and given the sensitive topic of the research this is very likely to have occurred, devaluing the value of the insight.

:( - The retrospective nature of the research as it involved asking participants about their childhood which realistically they may not recall accurately.

Question 11

Outline Bowlby’s theory of Maternal Deprivation
The theory is concerned with prolonged _____________ from the mother and the effects on the children that this has, emphasising how important continuous care from a mother figure is essential.
If separations are ________ it is acceptable and wont damage the child, it is when these become common and for prolonged periods when it becomes deprivation where attachments can be broken.
Bowlby stated that the first 2.5 years are the critical period and if separation occurs here then ______________ damage is inevitable.
Damage can be mental retardation, lowered IQ, which Goldfarb found when comparing IQ in children who were fostered to children in institutions. Bowlby also said that it could lead to ________ psychopathy, which is where children cannot feel __________ and prevents children from forming normal relationships.

Answer 11

Outline Bowlby’s theory of Maternal Deprivation
The theory is concerned with prolonged separation from the mother and the effects on the children that this has, emphasising how important continuous care from a mother figure is essential.
If separations are brief it is acceptable and wont damage the child, it is when these become common and for prolonged periods when it becomes deprivation where attachments can be broken.
Bowlby stated that the first 2.5 years are the critical period and if separation occurs here then psychological damage is inevitable.
Damage can be mental retardation, lowered IQ, which Goldfarb found when comparing IQ in children who were fostered to children in institutions. Bowlby also said that it could lead to affectionless psychopathy, which is where children cannot feel remorse and prevents children from forming normal relationships.

Question 12

Outline research into Maternal Deprivation
Bowlby had 44 criminal teens and interviewed them for signs of affectionless psychopathy and lack of _________ to their victims. Their ________ were also interviewed to see whether they had had prolonged separations.
He found that ____/44 thieves were AP’s, of the 14 12 had experienced long term __________ at a young age. In contrast only 5/30 had experienced separations.
He concluded that early separation can cause affectionless psychopathy.

Answer 12

Outline research into Maternal Deprivation
Bowlby had 44 criminal teens and interviewed them for signs of affectionless psychopathy and lack of affection to their victims. Their families were also interviewed to see whether they had had prolonged separations.
He found that 14/44 thieves were AP’s, of the 14 12 had experienced long term separation at a young age. In contrast only 5/30 had experienced separations.
He concluded that early separation can cause affectionless psychopathy.

Question 13

Evaluate Maternal Deprivation
:( - His research he used to support his theory is flawed as there are many confounding variables such as the fact that his study on _____ orphans were not just deprived as children but they were often _______from atrocities of war.
:( - Furthermore Bowlby carried out all the __________ himself and thus it is at risk of extreme researcher bias as the results could have been _________. This would reduce the value of the insight into maternal deprivation in children.
:( - Lewis replicated the 44 thieves study with ______children and found no relationship between criminality and ___________ as a child. This shows other factors could have been present causing AP.

Answer 13

Evaluate Maternal Deprivation
:( - His research he used to support his theory is flawed as there are many confounding variables such as the fact that his study on war orphans were not just deprived as children but they were often traumatised from atrocities of war.
:( - Furthermore Bowlby carried out all the interviews himself and thus it is at risk of extreme researcher bias as the results could have been subjective. This would reduce the value of the insight into maternal deprivation in children.
:( - Lewis replicated the 44 thieves study with 500 children and found no relationship between criminality and separation as a child. This shows other factors could have been present causing AP.

Question 14

Outline Cultural Variations in individualistic and collectivist cultures
Different cultures have different ______, laws social norms and customs etc. If there is difference in social norms it is natural to assume that attachment types ______ across different countries. People use different child ________ practices when bringing up their children which encourages them to develop different qualities and abilities.

Answer 14

Outline Cultural Variations in individualistic and collectivist cultures
Different cultures have different rules, laws social norms and customs etc. If there is difference in social norms it is natural to assume that attachment types vary across different countries. People use different child rearing practices when bringing up their children which encourages them to develop different qualities and abilities.

Question 15

Outline research done into cultural differences in attachment types
Van __________ conducted a ________________ of 32 studies from 8 countries based on around 2000 children.
Findings: All countries = __________ attachment most common.
Proportion varied:
Country Secure Avoidant Resistant
UK 75% 22% 3%
Japan 68% 5% 27%
China 50% 25% 25%
Germany 57% 35% 8%
- Germany had the highest number of _________children.
- Japan had few avoidant, _______ resistant.
-150% more variation within cultures than between (USA study had 90% but another study had 46%)

Answer 15

Outline research done into cultural differences in attachment types
Van Ijzendoorn conducted a meta-analysis of 32 studies from 8 countries based on around 2000 children.
Findings: All countries = secure attachment most common.
Proportion varied:
Country Secure Avoidant Resistant
UK 75% 22% 3%
Japan 68% 5% 27%
China 50% 25% 25%
Germany 57% 35% 8%
- Germany had the highest number of avoidant children.
- Japan had few avoidant, high resistant.
-150% more variation within cultures than between (USA study had 90% but another study had 46%)

Question 16

Evaluate research into cultural differences in attachment types
:) - The study used ________ children which gives it a very high __________ validity, meaning the results about cultural differences in attachment styles can be generalised to the target population of other children around the world.
:( - Although a large number of studies were used nearly half of them were done in _______ therefore the study has culture bias and we must be cautious when generalising the results across different cultures. This limits the value of the insight into cultural variations in styles.
:( - This study used the SSC which has been criticised for imposed etic and was made solely for individualistic cultures originally. This means we must be cautious when ____________results as the SSC might not be suitable to measure attachments in collectivist cultures.
:( - Reductionist as it doesn’t take other factors into account such as individual differences.

Answer 16

Evaluate research into cultural differences in attachment types
:) - The study used 2000 children which gives it a very high population validity, meaning the results about cultural differences in attachment styles can be generalised to the target population of other children around the world.
:( - Although a large number of studies were used nearly half of them were done in US therefore the study has culture bias and we must be cautious when generalising the results across different cultures. This limits the value of the insight into cultural variations in styles.
:( - This study used the SSC which has been criticised for imposed etic and was made solely for individualistic cultures originally. This means we must be cautious when extrapolating results as the SSC might not be suitable to measure attachments in collectivist cultures.
:( - Reductionist as it doesn’t take other factors into account such as individual differences.

Question 17

Outline The Strange Situation (research into children’s attachment behaviour)
She had a sample of 100 middle class American infants and observed them through a two ______ mirror. Specifically watching how children reacted to; Separation ________, stranger ________ and reunion behaviour.
What they did was:
1) Parent entered room for three mins with adult and explored room
2) Stranger enters and joins, adults talk
3) Parent _______
4) Parent returns and stranger leaves
5) Parent settles infant and leaves
6) Stranger returns
7) Parent returns and stranger leaves

Results: She found three attachment types; secure (66%), insecure avoidant (22%) and insecure resistant (12%).

Answer 17

Outline The Strange Situation (research into children’s attachment behaviour)
She had a sample of 100 middle class American infants and observed them through a two way mirror. Specifically watching how children reacted to; Separation anxiety, stranger anxiety and reunion behaviour.
What they did was:
1) Parent entered room for three mins with adult and explored room
2) Stranger enters and joins, adults talk
3) Parent leaves
4) Parent returns and stranger leaves
5) Parent settles infant and leaves
6) Stranger returns
7) Parent returns and stranger leaves

Results: She found three attachment types; secure (66%), insecure avoidant (22%) and insecure resistant (12%).

Question 18

Explain Ainsworth’s three attachment types
Secure - Upset when put under __________ anxiety, avoidant of stranger but curious, instantly soothed when mother returns. Responsive and sensitive caregiver.
Insecure Avoidant - Unconcerned by mothers __________, avoidant of both, unresponsive in reunion. Unresponsive caregiver.
Insecure ___________ - Overly distressed when mother left, fear of stranger, clinginess + rejection on reunion. Inconsistent caregiver.

Answer 18

Explain Ainsworth’s three attachment types
Secure - Upset when put under separation anxiety, avoidant of stranger but curious, instantly soothed when mother returns. Responsive and sensitive caregiver.
Insecure Avoidant - Unconcerned by mothers absence, avoidant of both, unresponsive in reunion. Unresponsive caregiver.
Insecure resistant - Overly distressed when mother left, fear of stranger, clinginess + rejection on reunion. Inconsistent caregiver.

Question 19

Evaluate Ainsworth’s Strange Situation
:( - Lacks __________ validity as it was fake environment with unrealistic task. Means it is difficult to generalise the three different attachment styles to other children in the real world.
:( - The SSC has been criticised for imposed etic. The tool is based on western practices and ignores cultural norms and practices in collectivist cultures. We must take caution when using it in cultures it is not designed for.
:( - Low pop _________, hard to generalise
:( - Criticised for being over ___________, other psychologists believe that you cant fit every child into one of three attachment types and that there are large individual differences between children that play a huge part. This lowers the value of the insight into children’s attachment types and development.

Answer 19

:( - Lacks ecological validity as it was fake environment with unrealistic task. Means it is difficult to generalise the three different attachment styles to other children in the real world.
:( - The SSC has been criticised for imposed etic. The tool is based on western practices and ignores cultural norms and practices in collectivist cultures. We must take caution when using it in cultures it is not designed for.
:( - Low pop validity, hard to generalise
:( - Criticised for being over simplified, other psychologists believe that you cant fit every child into one of three attachment types and that there are large individual differences between children that play a huge part. This lowers the value of the insight into children’s attachment types and development.

Question 20

Outline Bowlbys Monotropic Theory
Bowlby stated that it is likely that adults are innately programmed to become attached to their children as attachments have short and long term benefits such as survival.
There are four main features of Bowlby’s theory;
Monotropy - He suggested that the child attaches to _______ particular caregiver which is the mother (not necessarily the biological one). The law of continuity is the more consistent a child’s care = better quality of attachment. The law of accumulated separation is the separations from the mother adding up affecting the attachment.
Social ___________ - These are important and ensure interaction takes place, they are behaviours such as smiling crying etc.
Critical Period - This is biological and if an attachment is not formed in this critical period of 2.5 years then it may not take place at all.
Internal Working Model - This relationship with the monotropy provides infants with an IWM of relationships. This is a template of self ________ and they will apply it to all future relationships.

Answer 20

Outline Bowlbys Monotropic Theory
Bowlby stated that it is likely that adults are innately programmed to become attached to their children as attachments have short and long term benefits such as survival.
There are four main features of Bowlby’s theory;
Monotropy - He suggested that the child attaches to one particular caregiver which is the mother (not necessarily the biological one). The law of continuity is the more consistent a child’s care = better quality of attachment. The law of accumulated separation is the separations from the mother adding up affecting the attachment.
Social Releasers - These are important and ensure interaction takes place, they are behaviours such as smiling crying etc.
Critical Period - This is biological and if an attachment is not formed in this critical period of 2.5 years then it may not take place at all.
Internal Working Model - This relationship with the monotropy provides infants with an IWM of relationships. This is a template of self worth and they will apply it to all future relationships.

Question 21

Evaluate Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory
:) - Brazleton observed mothers and babies interact and showed that there was interactional synchrony. In further experiments he instructed the PCG to ignore the babies signals (social releases). He found that after some distress the babies curled up and remained motionless. The fact the children responded so strongly supports Bowlbys theory.
:) - Hazan printed a love quiz in an American newspaper. They collected information about individuals early ____________ and their current attachments wth loved ones. They found that ____________ attached children had happy and long lasting relationships in later life. insecurely attached children found it hard to form relationships. This supports the IWM.
:( - Bowlby stated that the only use of the father was to support the mother however Lamb indicated that as an infant grows older they show a preference towards the father, this therefore contradicts Bowlbys theory.
:( - Other psychologists criticise Bowlbys mono-tropic theory for not accepting the role of the child’s _______________. It has been shown that some babies are born more social or more anxious than others. Therefore this could explain later social behaviour rather than the IWM.

Answer 21

Evaluate Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory
:) - Brazleton observed mothers and babies interact and showed that there was interactional synchrony. In further experiments he instructed the PCG to ignore the babies signals (social releases). He found that after some distress the babies curled up and remained motionless. The fact the children responded so strongly supports Bowlbys theory.
:) - Hazan printed a love quiz in an American newspaper. They collected information about individuals early attachments and their current attachments wth loved ones. They found that securely attached children had happy and long lasting relationships in later life. insecurely attached children found it hard to form relationships. This supports the IWM.
:( - Bowlby stated that the only use of the father was to support the mother however Lamb indicated that as an infant grows older they show a preference towards the father, this therefore contradicts Bowlbys theory.
:( - Other psychologists criticise Bowlbys mono-tropic theory for not accepting the role of the child’s temperament. It has been shown that some babies are born more social or more anxious than others. Therefore this could explain later social behaviour rather than the IWM.

Question 22

Explain classical conditioning linking it to attachment
Milk provided by the mother is an _____________ stimulus which provides an unconditioned response in the baby of relief from hunger.
This response is automatic and does not need to be learnt. The neutral stimulus is the __________, and through repetition of feeding the feeder becomes the conditioned stimulus. Therefore whenever the baby is hungry at just the sight of the feeder it will link the CS and the __________together and become relieved.

Explain operant conditioning linking it to attachment
When the baby feels uncomfortable because it is hungry they experience a _________ state. This drive state motivates the baby to find a way to lessen the discomfort. In the early years the baby can do nothing but cry and being fed leads to drive reduction as the child is satisfied. The food is the _______ reinforcer and the child learns that the food is a reward. The person that feeds the baby becomes the secondary reinforcer and the infant thus seeks to be near to this feeder as they are the source of reward and the attachment is formed.

Answer 22

Explain classical conditioning linking it to attachment
Milk provided by the mother is an unconditioned stimulus which provides an unconditioned response in the baby of relief from hunger.
This response is automatic and does not need to be learnt. The neutral stimulus is the feeder, and through repetition of feeding the feeder becomes the conditioned stimulus. Therefore whenever the baby is hungry at just the sight of the feeder it will link the CS and the UCR together and become relieved.

Explain operant conditioning linking it to attachment
When the baby feels uncomfortable because it is hungry they experience a drive state. This drive state motivates the baby to find a way to lessen the discomfort. In the early years the baby can do nothing but cry and being fed leads to drive reduction as the child is satisfied. The food is the primary reinforcer and the child learns that the food is a reward. The person that feeds the baby becomes the secondary reinforcer and the infant thus seeks to be near to this feeder as they are the source of reward and the attachment is formed.

Question 23

Evaluate the learning theories explanation of attachment
Contradictory evidence from animal studies
:( - Lorenz showed how young animals ___________ on carers who don’t necessarily feed them. Harlow’s monkeys chose to spend contact comfort over drive reduction, showing us that the value of insight into human attachments is limited.
Counter evidence from human studies
:( - Schaffer found that babies developed a primary attachment to their biological mother regardless of who did most the ___________, this directly contradicts the learning theories explanation.
Too oversimplified
:( - Learning theory ignores other factors associated with forming attachments such as _______________ synchrony and reciprocity. Furthermore studies have shown that the best quality attachments are with sensitive and responsive caregivers who respond to infants signals.

Answer 23

Evaluate the learning theories explanation of attachment
Contradictory evidence from animal studies
:( - Lorenz showed how young animals imprint on carers who don’t necessarily feed them. Harlow’s monkeys chose to spend contact comfort over drive reduction, showing us that the value of insight into human attachments is limited.
Counter evidence from human studies
:( - Schaffer found that babies developed a primary attachment to their biological mother regardless of who did most the feeding, this directly contradicts the learning theories explanation.
Too oversimplified
:( - Learning theory ignores other factors associated with forming attachments such as interactional synchrony and reciprocity. Furthermore studies have shown that the best quality attachments are with sensitive and responsive caregivers who respond to infants signals.

Question 24

Outline Lorenz’s Animal Study into attachment
Lorenz divided up a clutch of goose eggs, where half were hatched with the __________ goose and the other half in an incubator where Lorenz was the first living thing they saw. He found that the incubator group followed him around everywhere whereas the control group stayed with the mother and ignored him. When there two groups were mixed they stuck with there original attachment figure.
Lorenz called this ___________ and he suggested that there was a ___________period of a few hours depending on the species and if imprinting does not occur then the chicks do not attach to the mother figure.

Evaluate Lorenz’s Animal Study
:( - This type of research will always have animal ________ and we must be cautious when applying the findings to humans as we are very different to other species, cognitively that is.

Answer 24

Outline Lorenz’s Animal Study into attachment
Lorenz divided up a clutch of goose eggs, where half were hatched with the mother goose and the other half in an incubator where Lorenz was the first living thing they saw. He found that the incubator group followed him around everywhere whereas the control group stayed with the mother and ignored him. When there two groups were mixed they stuck with there original attachment figure.
Lorenz called this imprinting and he suggested that there was a critical period of a few hours depending on the species and if imprinting does not occur then the chicks do not attach to the mother figure.

Evaluate Lorenz’s Animal Study
:( - This type of research will always have animal bias and we must be cautious when applying the findings to humans as we are very different to other species, cognitively that is.

Question 25

Outline Harlow’s Animal Study into attachment
16 baby rhesus monkeys were reared with two wire model mothers. In one condition _____ was given to the plain wire mother whereas in the second it was given to the _____ covered mother.
He found that the babies always chose to spend their time with the cloth covered monkey over the wire frame one. Specifically 22 hours compared to 2 hours, this shows that contact comfort was more important to the monkey then drive reduction when it came to attachment.
Harlow also suggested that there was a critical period of _______ days, and if an attachment had not been formed by then, then it never could and the damage is irreversible.

Evaluate Harlow’s Animal Study
:) - Many very useful practical applications have come from this as it gives us a very valuable insight into caregiver-infant attachment. It has helped _____ workers understand risk factors in neglect and instead of just making sure people have shelter and food that they are also being treated with _____ and care.
:( - There are however drawbacks of this study and it is that it lacks the following of any ethical guidelines. The monkeys suffered greatly with irreversible effect and as they share a high percentage of humans gene pool they have strong ________ like us. However the argument is that the research is important enough to justify the effects on the monkeys.

Answer 25

Outline Harlow’s Animal Study into attachment
16 baby rhesus monkeys were reared with two wire model mothers. In one condition milk was given to the plain wire mother whereas in the second it was given to the cloth covered mother.
He found that the babies always chose to spend their time with the cloth covered monkey over the wire frame one. Specifically 22 hours compared to 2 hours, this shows that contact comfort was more important to the monkey then drive reduction when it came to attachment.
Harlow also suggested that there was a critical period of 90 days, and if an attachment had not been formed by then, then it never could and the damage is irreversible.

Evaluate Harlow’s Animal Study
:) - Many very useful practical applications have come from this as it gives us a very valuable insight into caregiver-infant attachment. It has helped social workers understand risk factors in neglect and instead of just making sure people have shelter and food that they are also being treated with love and care.
:( - There are however drawbacks of this study and it is that it lacks the following of any ethical guidelines. The monkeys suffered greatly with irreversible effect and as they share a high percentage of humans gene pool they have strong emotions like us. However the argument is that the research is important enough to justify the effects on the monkeys.

Question 26

Outline Schaffer’s stages of attachment
AISM!
Stage 1: The Asocial Stage (first weeks)
Babies behaviour towards non-human objects and ___________ is similar but they do show a slight preference to adults and are happier with humans present.

Stage 2: _____________ Attachment (2-7 months)
Begin to show a preference to humans over inanimate objects and also now recognise and prefer familiar _________ faces. However they accept cuddles and affection from any adult. NO separation or stranger anxiety is shown.

Stage 3: Specific Attachment (7+ months)
Start to display stranger anxiety and showed separation anxiety to the PCG (65% mother).

Stage 4: _________ Attachments
Baby forms secondary attachments to other adults who they spend time with. After one month of forming a PAF 29% formed secondary attachments and by the age of one majority had secondary attachments.

Answer 26

Outline Schaffer’s stages of attachment
AISM!
Stage 1: The Asocial Stage (first weeks)
Babies behaviour towards non-human objects and humans is similar but they do show a slight preference to adults and are happier with humans present.

Stage 2: Indiscriminate Attachment (2-7 months)
Begin to show a preference to humans over inanimate objects and also now recognise and prefer familiar adult faces. However they accept cuddles and affection from any adult. NO separation or stranger anxiety is shown.

Stage 3: Specific Attachment (7+ months)
Start to display stranger anxiety and showed separation anxiety to the PCG (65% mother).

Stage 4: Multiple Attachments
Baby forms secondary attachments to other adults who they spend time with. After one month of forming a PAF 29% formed secondary attachments and by the age of one majority had secondary attachments.

Question 27

Outline Schaffer’s stages of attachment Research
He has 60 _______ from Glasgow and had Psychologists visited once a month for the first year and again at 18 months in participants homes and interviewed mothers.
During observations psychologists tested separation _______ and stranger anxiety. He found that between ____-32 weeks of age 50% of the babies showed separation anxiety towards adults, usually the mother (specific attachment). He also found that attachments were formed with the adults who were the most sensitive to babies s_____(reciprocity). By 40 weeks 80% had a specific attachment and 30% showed multiple attachments.

Evaluate Schaffer’s research into attachment
:) - The babies were never taken out of there homes and thus were always observed in a natural setting for the babies, this allows for results that can be more easily generalised to the population.
:( - The sample ______ was much too small to be able to have any sort of reliable generalising to the wider population. Not only was it too small but it was all people from working class families that lived in Glasgow. This sample is too specific.
:( - The study was a ___________ study which has its benefits however it then is susceptible to attrition where participants will inevitably drop out of it over time, making the sample even less generalisable to other children’s stages of development.

Answer 27

Outline Schaffer’s stages of attachment Research
He has 60 babies from Glasgow and had Psychologists visited once a month for the first year and again at 18 months in participants homes and interviewed mothers.
During observations psychologists tested separation anxiety and stranger anxiety. He found that between 25-32 weeks of age 50% of the babies showed separation anxiety towards adults, usually the mother (specific attachment). He also found that attachments were formed with the adults who were the most sensitive to babies signals (reciprocity). By 40 weeks 80% had a specific attachment and 30% showed multiple attachments.

Evaluate Schaffer’s research into attachment
:) - The babies were never taken out of there homes and thus were always observed in a natural setting for the babies, this allows for results that can be more easily generalised to the population.
:( - The sample size was much too small to be able to have any sort of reliable generalising to the wider population. Not only was it too small but it was all people from working class families that lived in Glasgow. This sample is too specific.
:( - The study was a longitudinal study which has its benefits however it then is susceptible to attrition where participants will inevitably drop out of it over time, making the sample even less generalisable to other children’s stages of development.

Question 28

Outline three research studies into the role of the father
Schaffer found that initially babies become attached to their mother (7 months) and then after this form __________ attachments with others such as the father. 75% of babies had an attachment with their father by 18 months of age, they showed separation anxiety.

Lamb indicated that between the ages of 15-24 months they will show a preference towards their father, this suggests that the father may become the _________.

Grossman conducted a longitudinal study and found a direct correlation between the quality of fathers play with infants and the quality of adolescent attachments. This suggests that the father may be more about _______ and stimulation whereas the mother is more about nurturing.

Answer 28

Outline three research studies into the role of the father
Schaffer found that initially babies become attached to their mother (7 months) and then after this form secondary attachments with others such as the father. 75% of babies had an attachment with their father by 18 months of age, they showed separation anxiety.

Lamb indicated that between the ages of 15-24 months they will show a preference towards their father, this suggests that the father may become the PCG.

Grossman conducted a longitudinal study and found a direct correlation between the quality of fathers play with infants and the quality of adolescent attachments. This suggests that the father may be more about play and stimulation whereas the mother is more about nurturing.

Question 29

What is reciprocity?
Reciprocity is a description of how two people interact, the mother infant interaction is _____________l in that they both respond to each others signal and each shows a response from the other.

What is interactional _______________?
Where mother and infant reflect both the actions and emotions of one and other and do this in a _______________ manner.

Outline research that supports reciprocity
Feldman found that both babies have periodic alert phases to signal that they are ready to in __________ and mothers respond to this on average 2/3rds of the time.
He also found that from 3 months of age this interaction is more frequent and involved close attention to verbal signals and facial expressions.

Brazleton discovered the __________ in which each partner responds to each others moves. Both the baby and the PCG can initiate interactions and take turns in doing so.

Outline research that supports interactional synchrony
Meltzoff and Moore conducted a study in which they observed infants at two weeks old and had adults show one of three facial _____________ or one of three gestures. The children response was filmed and identified by independent observers. They found an association between the action of the adult and the action returned by the babies.

Isabella observed 30 mothers and infants and found that high levels of synchrony were associated with better mother-infant attachment.

Answer 29

What is reciprocity?
Reciprocity is a description of how two people interact, the mother infant interaction is reciprocal in that they both respond to each others signal and each shows a response from the other.

What is interactional synchrony?
Where mother and infant reflect both the actions and emotions of one and other and do this in a co-ordinated manner.

Outline research that supports reciprocity
Feldman found that both babies have periodic alert phases to signal that they are ready to interact and mothers respond to this on average 2/3rds of the time.
He also found that from 3 months of age this interaction is more frequent and involved close attention to verbal signals and facial expressions.

Brazleton discovered the ‘Dance’ in which each partner responds to each others moves. Both the baby and the PCG can initiate interactions and take turns in doing so.

Outline research that supports interactional synchrony
Meltzoff and Moore conducted a study in which they observed infants at two weeks old and had adults show one of three facial expressions or one of three gestures. The children response was filmed and identified by independent observers. They found an association between the action of the adult and the action returned by the babies.

Isabella observed 30 mothers and infants and found that high levels of synchrony were associated with better mother-infant attachment.

Question 30

Evaluate research into infant-caregiver interactions
:) - Controlled observations in a controlled experimental setting with standardised procedures and operationalised behavioural categories with filming from multiple angles. High __________ as can be repeated to check consistency.
:) - These observations are less prone to demand characteristics as obviously babies are unaware an __________ is taking place and thus will not change their ______________ behaviours.

:( - Observations susceptible to observer bias as they require subjective interpretation from researches who may perceive behaviour as being something else to what it really is, this can lower the validity.
:( - Observations only look at the changes in hand movements and gestures. It is very difficult to be certain that the moves or gestures etc, were actually ___________ or accidental, this reduces the value of the insight into caregiver-infant interaction.
:( - These studies don’t tell us the purpose of synchrony or reciprocity, they simply state that it happens and don’t imply anything about why and what the purpose is. Other studies have said that it is important in the development of empathy and morals.
:( - Conducting research into mother-infant interactions is controversial as it sates that certain people may be at a __________________ for certain reasons. ie. Mothers going back to work…

Answer 30

Evaluate research into infant-caregiver interactions
:) - Controlled observations in a controlled experimental setting with standardised procedures and operationalised behavioural categories with filming from multiple angles. High reliability as can be repeated to check consistency.
:) - These observations are less prone to demand characteristics as obviously babies are unaware an experiment is taking place and thus will not change their natural behaviours.

:( - Observations susceptible to observer bias as they require subjective interpretation from researches who may perceive behaviour as being something else to what it really is, this can lower the validity.
:( - Observations only look at the changes in hand movements and gestures. It is very difficult to be certain that the moves or gestures etc, were actually deliberate or accidental, this reduces the value of the insight into caregiver-infant interaction.
:( - These studies don’t tell us the purpose of synchrony or reciprocity, they simply state that it happens and don’t imply anything about why and what the purpose is. Other studies have said that it is important in the development of empathy and morals.
:( - Conducting research into mother-infant interactions is controversial as it sates that certain people may be at a disadvantage for certain reasons. ie. Mothers going back to work…