Psychotherapy Flashcards
who coined ‘containment’
Bion
Thanatos
death instinct
Eros
life instinct
who started DBT
Marsha Linehan
Who started cognitive therapy
Beck
Who started CAT
Anthony Ryle
Yalom principles of group psychotherapy (12)
universality
altruism
instillation of hope
imparting information
corrective recapitulation of the primary family experience
development of socialising techniques
imitative behaviour
cohesiveness
existential factors
catharsis
interpersonal learning
self understanding
Bion 2 basic assumption groups
Dependency - turn toward leader to protect from anxiety
Fight-flight - act as if there is an enemy who much be attacked/avoided
Pairing - acts as if the answer lies in the pairing of 2 of the members (either friendly or hostile pairing)
Operant conditioning - who
Skinner
Client centred therapy - who
Carl Rogers
who coined ‘hypnosis’
Braid
Negative automatic thoughts (19)
Dichotomous thinking
Personalisation
Overgeneralisation
Arbitrary inference
Selective abstraction
Catastrophising
Filtering
Control Fallacies
Fallacy of Fairness
Blaming
Shoulds
Magnification
Minimisation
Emotional Reasoning
Fallacy of Change
Global Labelling
Always being right
Heaven’s reward fallacy
Magical thinking
Dichotomous thinking
tendency to see things as black and white rather than shades of grey
personalisation
incorrectly assuming that things happen due to us
overgeneralisation
coming to a general conclusion based on a single piece of evidence
arbitrary inference
drawing of an unjustified conclusion
selective abstraction
concentrating on the negative while ignoring the positives
catastrophising
expecting disaster from relatively trivial events
filtering
selecting out only negative aspects of a situation and leaving out the positive
control fallacies
believing we are responsible for everything (internal control fallacy) or nothing (external control fallacy)
fallacy of fairness
believing that life is fair
blaming
holding other responsible for our distress
shoulds
preconceived rules we believe (often incorrect) which make us angry when others don’t obey them
magnification
a tendency to exaggerate the importance of negative information or experiences, while trivialising or reducing the significance of positive information or experiences
minimisation
an undervaluation of positive attributes
emotional reasoning
believing what we feel must be true
fallacy of change
expecting others to change just because it suits us
global labelling
exaggerating and labelling behaviour (eg when you fail at something, saying ‘i’m a loser’)
always being right
when the need to be right dominates all other needs
heaven’s reward fallacy
expecting our sacrifices will pay off
magical thinking
incorrectly believing that our actions influence the oucome
obsessional neurosis
coined by Freud
now recognised as OCD
usually starts in early adult life and the intelligence of those affected is usually average or above
Wilfred Bion
theories on group dynamics
saw each group as having a work group and a basic assumption group
3 basic assumptions - fight or flight, dependency and pairing
anna freud
developed the concept of the defence mechanisms
otto kernberg
transference focused psychotherapy useful for people with borderline personality disorder
margaret mahler
theories on child development
3 main phases - autistic, symbiotic, separation-individuation
donald winnicott
introduced the concept of the transitional object and the good enough mother
harry stack sullivan
credited with the introduction of interpersonal therapy
erik erickson
known for his stages of psychosocial development
carl jung
introduced persona (mask) which is the part of the ego presented to other people.
the other more hidden part of the self is the ‘shadow’.
differentiated between the personal unconscious (individuals personal memories) and collective unconscious (set of memories and ideas that is shared amongst all of humanity)
talked of archetypes (symbolic images in the collective unconscious). important archetypes are anima (female principle), animus (male principle), the shadow and the self
jung’s archetypes
anima - female principle
animus - male principle
shadow
self
alfred adler
believed that the main driving force in personality is a striving for superiority
neo-freudians (10)
alfred adler
carl jung
erik erickson
harry stack sullivan
wilfred bion
john bowlby
anna freud
otto kernberg
margaret mahler
donald winnicott
bion - working group
one that is working well and getting the job done
bion - basic assumption group
one that is acting out primitive fantasies and preventing things from getting done
interpersonal therapy - social functioning problems thought to arise from 4 areas…
grief
role transitions
interpersonal deficits
role risputes
psychodrama
moreno
Freud - Id
area that contains instinctive drives
operates under ‘primary process thinking’
acts according to the ‘pleasure principle’
is without a sense of time
Freud - ego
attempts to modify the drives from the Id with external reality
operates on the ‘reality principle’
aspects that are conscious, preconscious and unconscious
home to the defense mechanisms
Freud - super ego
constantly observes a person and acts as critical agency
freud claimed it developed from internalised values of a child’s main carers
the ‘ego ideal’ is part of the super ego and represents ideal attitudes and behaviour
it is useful to think of the super ego as the conscience
Who founded Gestalt theory?
Perls
What is gestalt therapy
focusses on self awareness and integration of thoughts, feelings and behaviours in the present moment
who founded psychodrama
moreno
what is psychodrama
therapeutic approach that utilises role-playing and group dynamics to explore and resolve emotional issues
who founded interpersonal THEORY
sullivan
what is interpersonal THEORY
highlighted the influence of interpersonal relationships on an individual’s development and mental health
who founded interpersonal THERAPY
klerman and weissman
what is interpersonal THERAPY
time limited therapy that targets interpersonal issues and aims to improve relationships and alleviate symptoms
who revolutionised hypnotherapy?
milton erikson
who founded therapeutic community
thomas main / maxwell jones
what is therapeutic community
creating supportive and structured environments for individuals with mental health challenges to heal and grow
who developed CAT
anthony ryle
basics of what CAT is
integrative approach that combines elements of cognitive therapy and psychoanalytic principles to understand and address long-standing patterns of behaviour
who developed DBT
marsha linehan
basics of what DBT is
comprehensive treatment for individuals with borderline PD, focussing on emotion regulation, distress tolerance, interpersonal effectiveness and mindfulness skills
who developed rational emotive therapy
albert ellis
what is rational emotive therapy
a form of CBT that emphasises identifying and challenging irrational beliefs to promote healthier thoughts and emotions
who devised analytical psychology
Carl Jung
what is analytical psychology
exploring the unconscious, archetypes and individuation process to achieve psychological wholeness and self-realisation
who founded client-centred therapy
carl rogers
what is client centred therapy
emphasizes empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness to create a supportive therapeutic environment that facilitates self-exploration and personal growth
who started systematic desensitisation
joseph wolpe
who did operant conditioning
skinner
who did classical conditioning
pavlov
who identified therapeutic factors of group psychotherapy
yalom
what are the therapeutic factors of group psychotherapy (3)
universality
interpersonal learning
group cohesiveness
who started community therapy
aaron rapoport
who started motivational interviewing
willer
who started cognitive therapy
beck
who started moral therapy
tuke
who started behavioural activation
martell
who started mentalisation based treatment
fonagy and bateman
what is mentalisation based treatment
focusses on enhancing individuals’ capacity to understand their own and others mental states to improve interpersonal relationships and mental health
Traps (CAT)
Negative assumptions generate acts and then confirm assumptions
Dilemmas (CAT)
Options for action are conceived in the form of polarised choices
Snags (CAT)
Appropriate goals are abandoned if unacceptable to self or others
